Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf Hu\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb phi nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong hai khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ho\u1eb7c Nam B\u1ed9, c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ho\u1eb7c Nam B\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac Ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm Hu\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tay s\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb phi\u00eau l\u01b0u t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, \u1ea9n khu\u1ea5t trong l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00f3m tinh hoa ho\u00e0ng cung Hu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd k\u1ebft n\u1ea1p ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Nam B\u1ed9 hay \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u00e0o. \u0110\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb hai v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0ng gia v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m sao ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p. Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, gi\u1edbi tinh hoa Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong khi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn. Cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t phe nh\u00f3m t\u1ea1i ho\u00e0ng cung sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a vua T\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ee9c n\u0103m 1883 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ho\u00e0ng gia tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u201cc\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d n\u0103m 1885. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Phan \u0110\u00ecnh Ph\u00f9ng qua \u0111\u1eddi g\u1ea7n 10 n\u0103m sau, trong l\u00fac c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n
Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c An Nam c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o C\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u 1890 \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1ebd vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd che khu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ta xem x\u00e9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 (t\u1ee9c Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20) trong cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, bao h\u00e0m H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cy\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d; li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i uy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef thay cho kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d (dynamic historical factors) gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y? \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb trong c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o v\u00e0 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed thay \u0111\u1ed5i bao tr\u00f9m tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan s\u00e1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 nghi. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t xung l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m tin ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u nghi\u1ec5m nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n
B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng khu v\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i khu v\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn dai d\u1eb3ng khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t khu v\u1ef1c hay \u201cqu\u1ed1c gia\u201d, th\u00ec cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee9t \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ea7m v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ed1 k\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 \u0111\u1ebfn 14; sau giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ch\u1ecbu s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda Nam. Nh\u1eefng tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng ra B\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Nam, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i tinh th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n ng\u00f4n bao qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 L\u00ea t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ed5. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 L\u00ea v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u0103ng h\u00e1i sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan \u0111i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 v\u00e3ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng cai tr\u1ecb v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda Nam trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7; th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u01b0u th\u1ebf tr\u00ean to\u00e0n Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ebfn Hu\u1ebf. Kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1eebng h\u1ed3i, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 khu v\u1ef1c. Nam B\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh cho Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1eafc k\u1eb9t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecbu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1edbi xung l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khao kh\u00e1t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i l\u00e0ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, hay m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng tr\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u00f5i Vi\u1ec7t Nam, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y sang v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean; ch\u00fang li\u00ean t\u1ee5c tr\u1ea3i qua thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t logic v\u0129nh c\u1eedu m\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 theo t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: li\u1ec7u \u201ch\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9t\u201d trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7? B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00eari nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecb tr\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Trong khi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ganh \u0111ua chuy\u1ec7n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111i l\u1ea1i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u201cy\u00ean b\u00ecnh\u201d ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ngay c\u1ea3 khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cho chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp v\u1ecf th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e8 l\u00ean nhau v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00f9ng xung quanh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n
Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1eabn nhau ho\u1eb7c giao chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 quan h\u1ec7 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m, Khmer, L\u00e0o hay Xi\u00eam. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5; ngo\u00e0i ra, ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9tc\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201cd\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng, trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. S\u1ed1ng trong h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n uy. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y chen l\u1ea5n nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf trong khi chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u201ch\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c tu\u00e2n theo h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, khi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e2n c\u1eadn t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec \u201ch\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: li\u1ec7u \u201cxung \u0111\u1ed9t\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? V\u1edbi t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u201cnguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf, h\u1eb1n th\u00f9 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed logic \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd khi\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00f3 v\u1ebb trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn xung \u0111\u1ed9t. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00ecnh dung l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh gi\u00fap soi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ec3u xung \u0111\u1ed9t theo v\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i giao tranh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c. C\u00f9ng l\u1eafm, t\u00f4i \u0111i t\u00ecm trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1eb1m trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 b\u1ea9m sinh l\u1ea1i \u201chi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn\u201d h\u01a1n nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c; th\u00f3i quen g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t trong ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra do n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9c \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u201cthu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1\u201d \u0111\u00e2u, trong s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng: \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 hay \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 trong khi Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec chom\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t? V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec cho \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt?<\/p>\n
\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 ra, d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ee5. M\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t\u201d l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n\u201d l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Thanh Ngh\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 Quang Trung \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Nguy\u1ec5n \u00c1nh Gia Long \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng. S\u1ef1 n\u00edu k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 L\u00ea trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i trong nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m thanh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; c\u1ea3 khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea khi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i \u201cng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung\u201d \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp \u00e2m thanh, t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, m\u00e0 \u1ea9n b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00f9ng. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. M\u1ed9t ch\u1eef c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1eef \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft; v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef, c\u0169ng l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u1eef \u00e2m t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y sang th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u qu\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian. T\u00f4i c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e2u, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng h\u1ed3 nghi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a chung\u201d. Ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3 v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh vi\u1ebft s\u1eed mang t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do v\u00ec sao ch\u1eef N\u00f4m l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb t\u1eeb b\u1ecf.<\/p>\n
Li\u00ean quan v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t \u201cl\u1ecbch s\u1eed chung\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4 khan, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quy cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Thi\u1ec3n \u00fd ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1,th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1; nh\u01b0ng t\u00f4i s\u1ebd mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t ra kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 v\u00e0 xem h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u00e2m thanh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ranh gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n
N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n m\u1ed9t l\u1eb1n ranh gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd v\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n, gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, ch\u00ednh \u1edf gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng. T\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Nam, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng so v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u tr\u00ean b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t Nam. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e8o Ngang ho\u1eb7c s\u00f4ng Gianh ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi. V\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8o Ngang \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng Nh\u1eadt Nam, khu v\u1ef1c xa nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 H\u00e1n hay b\u1ea5t k\u00ec tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i Trung Hoa n\u00e0o t\u1eebng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e1n v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu, \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n
C\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng l\u00e0 khi t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00f4i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c ch\u00e2u \u00c1 r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i v\u1ea1ch l\u1eb1n ranh \u1edf gi\u1eefa Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng. T\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung \u1edf m\u1ee9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee9c to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi ti\u1ebft c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5, ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n
T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3:<\/strong> Keith W. Taylor Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Nguy\u1ec5n \u1edf Hu\u1ebf trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c cai tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u1eeb phi nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t trong hai khu v\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ho\u1eb7c Nam B\u1ed9, c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Khi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cai tr\u1ecb t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c vua nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh ho\u1eb7c Nam B\u1ed9. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac Ph\u00e1p chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm Hu\u1ebf trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1880, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nam B\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u00e2n l\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh quy t\u1eeb Trung Qu\u1ed1c, tay s\u00fang \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb phi\u00eau l\u01b0u t\u1eeb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. V\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7271,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,1,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lich-su-news","category-news","category-suu-tam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9004"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9004\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nl\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 khoa Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u00e2u \u00c1,
\n\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cornell<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"