S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, m\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Cao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch gi\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mang t\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Nho gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c m\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00f3m c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u00e3 trung th\u00e0nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1590, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh m\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 khi Alexander de Rhodes s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1620 v\u00e0 1630. Alexander de Rhodes t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1eb1ng 50.000 l\u00ednh t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u201cho\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh\u201d \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecb v\u00ec v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh xung quanh H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n l\u1edbn tu\u1ea7n tra tr\u00ean s\u00f4ng \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi phe ph\u1ea3n lo\u1ea1n\u201d. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u0103m 1630, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e0n qu\u00e9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c t\u1eeb thung l\u0169ng Cao B\u1eb1ng ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, n\u01a1i nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c tr\u1ecb v\u00ec cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1670, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0 \u00e2m cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1650, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u thu ph\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t phe nh\u00f3m k\u00e9o d\u00e0i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea1nh tranh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n lan r\u1ed9ng h\u1ea7u kh\u1eafp \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1740, 1750 v\u00e0 1760 khi c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb l\u00ednh t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p sau nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m \u0111\u00e1nh nhau.<\/p>\n
Qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i hi v\u1ecdng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam. \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f4ng d\u1ecdc c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y xem v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng n\u00fai ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 xa l\u1ea1. Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ea1y d\u00e0i v\u00e0o mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00faa th\u01b0a th\u1edbt gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3i v\u00e0 n\u00fai; \u0111\u1ed3i n\u00fai \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i ra v\u00f9ng duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m mi\u1ec1n cao c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u00edt mang t\u00ednh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u01a1n. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh d\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u00f9a chi\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i; c\u00e1c quan l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa v\u00e0 vua n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. Trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hoang vu gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam. B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh khu v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb vua v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh ch\u00faa c\u00f3 khao kh\u00e1t th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i tuy\u1ec3n qu\u00e2n cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kham kh\u1ed5 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 nh\u0169ng l\u1ea1m mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a Trung Hoa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb1ng sau Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t kho ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c b\u1ed5 sung l\u00ednh nh\u1eadp ng\u0169, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa. \u0110\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i, Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb khu v\u1ef1c n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7; trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c trong su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba n\u1eb1m s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng nam \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac trong th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. V\u1eady lo\u1ea1i khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n sau Thanh Ngh\u1ec7?<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e8o Ngang v\u00e0 d\u1ea3i Ho\u00e0nh S\u01a1n, \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u0169i ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eb9p d\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n, r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng 30 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 gi\u1eefa n\u00fai v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 250 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n. Khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Th\u1eeba Thi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 16 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a; n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 thay phi\u00ean b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm, b\u1ecb chinh ph\u1ee5c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb Trung Hoa v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam su\u1ed1t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi tranh ch\u1ea5p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c vua Ch\u00e0m. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1470, vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a, chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng qu\u00e2n tr\u00ean ba tr\u0103m c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 d\u1ecdc bi\u1ec3n n\u1eb1m gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i V\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8o C\u00f9 M\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 khi \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng Nam, Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i v\u00e0 B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. Di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y m\u1edf c\u1eeda bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda Nam cho s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n
Danh t\u1eeb \u201cNam ti\u1ebfn\u201d \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. D\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm hay t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t Nam, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong su\u1ed1t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam, v\u00e0 theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 10 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb Trung Hoa. T\u00f4i th\u00ec mu\u1ed1n chia ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 xem nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n kh\u00e1c nhau. L\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n h\u00f3a hay ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hay n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. T\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Nam ti\u1ebfn. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf ba khu v\u1ef1c v\u1eeba m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t sinh s\u1ed1ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e8o Ngang: Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 Nam B\u1ed9.<\/p>\n
N\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y t\u00f4i s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i t\u1eaft t\u1eeb hai v\u00f9ng Thu\u1eadn H\u00f3a v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng Nam c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 16, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u trong ph\u00eda Nam, B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh khu v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1edf Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n (Hu\u1ebf) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n \u1edf H\u1ed9i An v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c khu v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c di d\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00f9y t\u00f9ng v\u00e0o khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y n\u0103m 1558. Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phe kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1590, Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n t\u1eeb Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1eb7ng cu\u1ed1i \u0111u\u1ed5i qu\u00e2n M\u1ea1c ra kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. Tuy v\u1eady, c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1600, Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng quay v\u1ec1 Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1620, c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi con c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng v\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 th\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 giao tranh k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 50 n\u0103m. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho hai b\u00ean th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gian. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, do h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong. C\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u201cngo\u00e0i\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctrong\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t trung \u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 b\u00ean l\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i d\u1ecdc tr\u1ee5c B\u1eafc \u2013 Nam: v\u00e0o Nam, v\u00e0 ra B\u1eafc. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i \u201cv\u00e0o\u201d ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0 \u201cra\u201d B\u1eafc, mi\u1ec1n Nam \u201c\u1edf trong\u201d v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u201c\u1edf ngo\u00e0i\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec5n T\u00e0i C\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1edf c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 h\u1eb9p ph\u00eda nam b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u1eefa n\u00fai v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 t\u00edn khi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n
L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u201c\u1edf trong\u201d kh\u00f4ng gian mi\u1ec1n Nam h\u1eb9p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u201c\u1edf ngo\u00e0i\u201d tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn? Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cb\u00ean trong\u201d \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u00e1u chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cb\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n k\u00edch v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm c\u1ee9 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1650 trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng M\u00eak\u00f4ng. Li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u1edf trong\u201d c\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u201cs\u1ef1 \u1edf trong\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y gi\u1eefa bi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u00fai \u1edf c\u1eeda b\u1ec3 Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi, c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng xa n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong t\u1ea1i s\u00f4ng Gianh. \u0110\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c l\u0169y, nh\u1eefng n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2013 qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng chen ch\u00fac trong c\u00e1c l\u00e0ng \u2013 ch\u1ed1t g\u00e1c t\u1ef1 t\u00fac. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u201cv\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong\u201d? T\u1ea1i sao?<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u00e1ch xa nh\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng quen thu\u1ed9c. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho giao chi\u1ebfn v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf gi\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ti\u1ebfp vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc; n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i lui qu\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 gi\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u01b0a. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y g\u1eafn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u01a1i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng l\u0169y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf gi\u1eefa n\u00fai v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 qua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ea3 d\u0129: m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00fai\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda t\u00e2y b\u0103ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3i th\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n n\u00fai v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n\u201d \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng b\u0103ng qua r\u00eca c\u1ed3n c\u00e1t \u1edf b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n. \u1ede gi\u1eefa hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7m l\u1ea7y. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 binh, l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00eda Nam \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n Nam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha c\u00e1ch trang b\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u00fang \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, th\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda Nam c\u00f3 v\u1ebb v\u1eabn v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n qu\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 binh. S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a giao tranh, n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m ngay trong bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a di chuy\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ed9 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf hai tuy\u1ebfn \u0111i l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p. Vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ng\u1ecdn n\u00fai \u1edf hai n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh l\u0169y d\u1ecdc b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee5n c\u00e1t.<\/p>\n
T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y ba th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee5ng tr\u1eadn, n\u01a1i \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e1c, g\u01b0\u01a1m v\u00e0 voi tr\u1eadn thay v\u00ec b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp \u00f4n h\u00f2a h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9? M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t ba lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn \u1edf tr\u00ean s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u1edbi Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, tr\u1eeb phi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Minh \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Trung Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Th\u1ee9 hai, vi\u1ec7c Trung Qu\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17, ngay c\u1ea3 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng. Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n Minh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1540, nh\u01b0ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 M\u1ea1c. Sau khi h\u1ecd chinh ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd Tr\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf su\u1ed1t g\u1ea7n t\u00e1m th\u1eadp ni\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 Thanh, d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c \u1edf t\u1ec9nh Cao B\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n
Th\u1ee9 ba, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam l\u00e0 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu \u0111e d\u1ecda t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i, c\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t trong s\u1ed1 \u00edt nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t Nam tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng chung hay th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m\u201d th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t v\u0129nh c\u1eedu trong \u201cb\u1ea3n s\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111i t\u00ecm \u1edf Trung Qu\u1ed1c hay n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1ng tin h\u01a1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf ngay tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c m\u00ecnh quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cch\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, th\u00ec khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1edbp \u00e2m thanh, ng\u1eef \u00e2m, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i chung, hay b\u1ea5t k\u00ec c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh v\u00f9ng h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n
Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh khi ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ch\u00e0m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 uy quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc c\u0169ng t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i n\u00e0y trong h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m? Li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y? Thay v\u00ec d\u00f5i m\u1eaft v\u1ec1 Trung Qu\u1ed1c ph\u00eda B\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 khi quan s\u00e1t k\u1ef9 h\u01a1n Thu\u1eadn Qu\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i m\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 th\u1edd ph\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u0169. Chuy\u1ec7n h\u1ecd c\u0169ng th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u0169 g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n \u00fd th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu \u00edch h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c Nam ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n
M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201cnh\u1eefng phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n\u201d l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u01a1 ca. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 phi t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng k\u00fd \u1ee9c \u201cVi\u1ec7t\u201d v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam (sinh n\u0103m 1491). Vai tr\u00f2 qu\u00e2n s\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c \u201ctho\u00e1i \u1ea9n\u201d v\u1ec1 qu\u00ea c\u0169, ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, n\u0103m 1542. Gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n quy\u1ec1n uy m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 tham v\u1ecdng trong th\u1eddi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u00ecm v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ban ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho tham v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng n\u0103m 1585, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m v\u0103n h\u00f3a ho\u1eb7c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n
Th\u01a1 ca c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 gi\u1ecfi nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Ph\u00f9ng Kh\u1eafc Khoan(1528-1613), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng tham, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, tranh quy\u1ec1n \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ee3i. \u1ede m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay thi ca, Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam \u0111\u01b0a quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n sinh n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu th\u00e2n. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n trong bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; th\u1eddi gian li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 suy t\u00e0n. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu th\u00e2n. T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m th\u01a1 ca m\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ph\u00eda mi\u1ec1n Nam.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb (1572-1634) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u01a1 \u0110\u00e0ng Trong \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u00d4ng b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc v\u00ec ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh khinh \u00f4ng l\u00e0 con nh\u00e0 x\u01b0\u1edbng ca, n\u00ean \u00f4ng v\u00e0o Nam v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n, r\u1ed3i th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0\u1edbng xu\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eafp l\u0169y \u1edf \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n B\u1ec9nh Khi\u00eam. Th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng; s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. \u1ea8n d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ea9u v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m b\u00f3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e0n tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong th\u01a1 mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i th\u01a1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e0o Duy T\u1eeb th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tin kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn quy t\u1eafc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. Nh\u00ecn b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9 (Pure Land) sang Thi\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
S\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, m\u00e0 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n Cao. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 s\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ebf Th\u00edch gi\u00e1ng sinh v\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mang t\u00ednh Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh tr\u01b0\u1edbc thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho tri\u1ec1u L\u00ea c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Nho gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, M\u1ea1c \u0110\u0103ng Dung, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c m\u00e0 t\u1eebng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u00e0 Minh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u00f3m c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1eeda cho c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c huy \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. M\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u00e3 trung th\u00e0nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y. Tr\u1ecbnh T\u00f9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7271,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,1,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8993","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lich-su-news","category-news","category-suu-tam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8993","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8993"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8993\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/7271"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8993"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8993"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8993"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}