\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \"s\u00e1ch 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc\", xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng... 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. ![\":D\"](\"http:\/\/truongan.name\/smilies\/yahoo4.gif\")
T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed gia qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec auto-\u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. B\u00e0i th\u00ec d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi post \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddi chia l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn. <\/p>\n
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Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 19<\/strong> L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3:<\/strong> Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam duy nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ecdc \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1998 trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc, Keith W.Taylor nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u201cnh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d (\u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc \u1edf B\u1eafc M\u1ef9\u201d, Nxb. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, 2002)\uf02e<\/em><\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e0i BBC n\u0103m 2003 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, Keith W.Taylor n\u00f3i \u00f4ng h\u1ed3 nghi \u201cv\u1ec1 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u201d, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n B\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y in trong quy\u1ec3n Guerre et paix en Asie du SudEs\uf020do Nguy\u1ec5n Th\u1ebf Anh & Alain Forest ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean. T\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i: \u201cRegional Conflicts Among the Vi\u1ec7t Peoples Between the 13th and 19th Centuries\u201d (1998)\uf02e M\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Keith W. Taylor b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam v\u00e0 in v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cSurface Orientations in Vietnam: Beyond Histories of Nation and Region\u201d.<\/p>\n ---<\/p>\n Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, c\u00e1c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Trong b\u00e0i ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian khi ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1edfi t\u00f4i hay nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i n\u01b0\u01a1ng theo tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c, nh\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. T\u00f4i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed9ng; t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 cho r\u1eb1ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00e1u cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t li\u00ean quan n\u0103m v\u00f9ng trong n\u0103m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. C\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ebd ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eebng c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1eeb th\u1eddi x\u01b0a nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n ghi l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vua H\u00f9ng huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i, hay c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u01b0u gi\u1eef t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, hay nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ghi trong bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m cu\u1ed1i tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 nay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Ph\u00fa, Thanh H\u00f3a v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 An, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c \u1edf b\u00ean r\u00eca hay b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u01a1i khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0ng gia. Con trai v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n, L\u00ea (Long) \u0110\u0129nh, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a v\u00e0 Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ea1t. V\u1ecb vua ti\u1ebfp theo, L\u00fd C\u00f4ng U\u1ea9n, c\u0169ng m\u1edf chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh mi\u1ec1n Nam n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00ec h\u1ecd \u201ckh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn khai h\u00f3a\u201d. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u chi\u1ebfn tranh trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11, khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung nh\u01b0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kinh (v\u00f9ng th\u1ea5p) v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng (v\u00f9ng cao) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/p>\n Hai cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong s\u00e1u xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa n\u01a1i t\u00f4i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, t\u1ecda l\u1ea1c n\u01a1i mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh Thanh H\u00f3a, Ngh\u1ec7 An, v\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u0129nh. C\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef t\u1ea1i ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh (Ngh\u1ec7 An v\u00e0 H\u00e0 T\u0129nh) l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Kinh. Ngay c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n nay, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi khoa b\u1ea3ng \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh xung quanh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 (Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh hay Ngh\u1ec7 T\u0129nh). Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ai c\u0169ng nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y t\u1eebng g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nhau trong \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15 v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16.<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb ch\u00f4n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb1ng sau khung vi\u1ebft s\u1eed theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4 h\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n Minh trong ba th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t k\u1ef9.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tri\u1ec1u Tr\u1ea7n v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1400 t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i ri\u00eang. Trong khi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng, H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 m\u1edbi \u1edf Thanh H\u00f3a. Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e0 H\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng n\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh n\u0103m 1406-1407, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m khi H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn khu v\u1ef1c \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 b\u1edd Nam c\u1ee7a s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y \u0111a s\u1ed1 s\u0129 phu \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n Minh v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf gia v\u1ecdng t\u1ed9c \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e3 trung th\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n Minh. N\u0103m 1407 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh n\u00f3i h\u01a1n 1100 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 Minh v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c Trung Hoa. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh ghi l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n 9000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafc phong l\u00e0m quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p t\u1ec9nh. Hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Minh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tham gia v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cphong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00ea L\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh, v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 qu\u00ea k\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda Nam. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 L\u00ea v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng khi x\u00e9t c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1ng tin h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea3ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n Minh ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o m\u00e0n s\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng B\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c b\u1ed7ng d\u01b0ng quay l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i, s\u0129 phu \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 Nam \u0111\u1ec3 gia nh\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n qu\u00e2n L\u00ea L\u1ee3i \u1edf Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u hay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho xu th\u1ebf chung c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea \u00f4ng. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u01a1 \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft trong th\u1eddi Minh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Nam ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a O.W. Wolters, \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 ngay tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i v\u0103n \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft sau khi \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 Nam l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 Minh, th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c h\u1ecd xoay sang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 L\u00ea L\u1ee3i. Sau n\u00e0y Nguy\u1ec5n Tr\u00e3i b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau \u2013 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft vua v\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u1eed tr\u1ea3m n\u0103m 1442. Th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c \u0111ang l\u00ean t\u1eeb Thanh Ngh\u1ec7.<\/p>\n L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng (tr\u1ecb v\u00ec 1460-1497) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 v\u1ecb vua v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00f4ng t\u1ea1o l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n trung \u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ec3u Trung Hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c chinh ph\u1ee5c Ch\u0103mpa. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1eadn th\u1ea7n dung h\u00f2a c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng trong s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi con n\u1ed1i nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi d\u1eadp t\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phe. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chinh ph\u1ee5c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00e0m ra t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e8o C\u00f9 M\u00f4ng, \u1edf bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda Nam c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ec9nh B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh. N\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho phe Thanh Ngh\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi cho tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa thi t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp tri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh c\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u1eebng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Minh. Tuy v\u1eady th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vua L\u00ea Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb uy t\u00edn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. N\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 khi ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau khi \u00f4ng m\u1ea5t, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng phe nh\u00f3m di\u1ec7t nhau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho ba th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa \u0110\u00f4ng Kinh v\u00e0 Thanh Ngh\u1ec7, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn L\u00ea-M\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 hai m\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a “s\u00e1ch 100 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc”, xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 1 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft kho\u1ea3ng… 20 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed gia qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u00ec auto-\u0111\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1edbi s\u1eed h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u r\u1ed3i. B\u00e0i th\u00ec d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e3, ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi post \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1eddi chia l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111o\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn. – Xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 \u0111\u1ebfn 19 Keith W. Taylor L\u00ea Qu\u1ef3nh d\u1ecbch L\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch gi\u1ea3: Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t Nam duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a Vi\u1ec7t Nam duy nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u01b0ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong xu h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. \u0110\u1ecdc \u1edf H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1998 trong H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Vi\u1ec7t Nam h\u1ecdc, Keith W.Taylor nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o \u201cnh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 d\u00e2n […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,1,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8986","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lich-su-news","category-news","category-suu-tam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8986"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8986\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8986"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nKeith W. Taylor
\nL\u00ea Qu\u1ef3nh d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n