{"id":8698,"date":"2016-07-13T11:32:59","date_gmt":"2016-07-13T04:32:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/truongan.name\/?p=8698"},"modified":"2016-07-13T11:32:59","modified_gmt":"2016-07-13T04:32:59","slug":"dich-ngan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/?p=8698","title":{"rendered":"D\u1ecbch ng\u1eafn"},"content":{"rendered":"

Voyage from French to Cochinchina in the ship Henry - Captain Rey of Bourdeaux.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gia Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho n\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nhanh nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, \u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh - v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, khi ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft (theo ch\u00ednh b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) \"c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m c\u00e2y g\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi k\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, d\u00f9 l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf\".<\/p>\n

\"Y\u00eau cho roi cho v\u1ecdt\" l\u00e0 1 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i hay ho, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN th\u00ec ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1eb1ng \"N\u1ebfu \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00f4ng, y\u00eau \u00f4ng, th\u00ec h\u00e3y tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00f4i\". S\u1ee3 v\u00e0 y\u00eau l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi nhau trong mi\u1ec7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i \"T\u00f4i s\u1ee3 anh\" v\u00e0 \"T\u00f4i y\u00eau anh\" kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c g\u00ec nhau.<\/p>\n

... \u00d4ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00f3i quen tha th\u1ee9 cho ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n \u00e2n x\u00e1 3 l\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft h\u1ed1i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01a1n 1 l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi B\u00e1 \u0110a L\u1ed9c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1eabn coi l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, r\u1eb1ng \"V\u00ec t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho ta, \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 cho ta n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf ta sai n\u1ebfu \u00f4ng 3 l\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u xin ta gia \u00e2n cho k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p.\"<\/p>\n

T\u1ed5ng tr\u1ea5n B\u1eafc Th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (L\u00ea Ch\u1ea5t) tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u1edbi Gia Long. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i qua qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i nh\u00e0 vua, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0y \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u00ednh trong qu\u00e2n. \u00d4ng ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tin t\u01b0\u1edfng giao nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 4-1803, \u00f4ng ta l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0o Kinh, th\u1ee7 ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n. \u00d4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 t\u00f9 binh nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u1ea3 h\u1eafn \u0111i, c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o h\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t \u00f4ng ta l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa. \"B\u1ec7 h\u1ea1,\" \u00f4ng ta n\u00f3i, \"Trong 10 n\u0103m, th\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n c\u00f9ng 1 ch\u00e9n c\u01a1m v\u1edbi k\u1ebb \u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u00e0i, l\u00e0m sao th\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft h\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?\" Nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \"N\u1ebfu ta \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u01a1i, ta c\u0169ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\"<\/p>\n

... Th\u00e1i t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd ch\u1eebng 30 tu\u1ed5i; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Anh ta r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd. Anh ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1eef Roman khi vi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u1ecdc ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ngo\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i cho anh ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean quan Ph\u00e1p, anh ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ecda \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

... Ng\u01b0\u1eddi VN c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu, l\u1ec5 ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh. T\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n k\u1ebb d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1edf TQ, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ec5 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

... Kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1eeda nh\u00e0, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u0103n tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 tang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t quan trong b\u1ed9 d\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

------<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 L\u00ea V\u0103n Thanh. H\u1ed3i L\u00ea Trung b\u1ecb tri\u1ec1u T\u00e2y S\u01a1n gi\u1ebft, L\u00ea Ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u1ed1n, do L\u00ea V\u0103n Thanh che gi\u1ea5u cho. \u0110\u1ebfn khi B\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ecbnh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1, L\u00ea V\u0103n Thanh b\u1ecb b\u1eaft, r\u1ed3i tr\u1ed1n \u0111i, t\u1edbi khi Gia Long \u0111\u00e1nh Ph\u00fa Xu\u00e2n xong l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i th\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

M\u00e0 v\u1ea7ng, h\u00f3a ra Minh M\u1ea1ng bi\u1ebft x\u00e0i ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, c\u00e1i ch\u1eef \"h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc\" th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 ghi geometry \u0111\u1ea5y. Sau n\u00e0y m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng quan Ph\u00e1p tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111em t\u1eb7ng k\u00ednh thi\u00ean v\u0103n v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ed3, ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng l\u00e0 cho \"s\u1edf th\u00edch\" c\u1ee7a vua.<\/p>\n


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Embassy to the Eastern court, Cochinchina, Siam and Muscat - Edmund Robert<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ec1n Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc trong kho\u1ea3ng 1832-1834. Thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Peacock, l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng gh\u00e9 qua Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao, nh\u01b0ng m\u1edd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00ec c\u00e1i l\u00fd do... gi\u1eddi \u01a1i l\u1eafm. :v<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eadt k\u00fd h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1edf VN, n\u1eeda \u0111\u00eam c\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 kh\u00ecn. :v<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec7n xui th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0o h\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1833 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang o\u00e1nh nhao, cho n\u00ean S\u00e0i G\u00f2n h\u00f4ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Phan Rang \u0111\u1ed5 xu\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng k\u1eb9t c\u1ee9ng, thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y t\u00fac t\u1eafc l\u00e0m sao m\u00e0... m\u1eafc c\u1ea1n k\u1eb9t \u1edf V\u0169ng L\u1eafm, Ph\u00fa Y\u00ean. Cho n\u00ean m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y th\u01b0 qua tin l\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quan l\u1edbn t\u1eeb t\u1ec9nh xu\u1ed1ng coi, m\u1ea5t m\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa m\u1edbi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb tr\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec7n xui th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng hay, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i l\u00e0... th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft x\u1ea5u. Bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, thuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafc nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u00ean, m\u00ed \u00f4ng quan VN l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh say s\u00f3ng. Ch\u1edd h\u1ebft b\u00e3o m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec ch\u1edb, ng\u1ed3i n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean t\u00e0u c\u0169ng h\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, g\u1ecdi nhau xu\u1ed1ng b\u1edd... c\u00e3i nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u1eebng, n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng phong ph\u00fa. T\u1eeb chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ecbch ra kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng t\u00ean An Nam m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u00f3a, vua kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng ch\u1eef \"v\u01b0\u01a1ng\" m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \"ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf\" nh\u00e1 - T\u1edbi chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0 g\u1eedi cho ai ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ra nh\u00f3a. S\u1eeda s\u01a1 s\u01a1, chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn Hu\u1ebf, v\u00e0o tay \"b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ngo\u1ea1i giao\" r\u1ed3i, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n copy l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng xem tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1o l\u00ean vua, c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c c\u00e3i nhao d\u1eb1ng d\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a... c\u1ea3 2 b\u00ean ngang nh\u01b0 cua. Anh M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, th\u01b0 T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng tao g\u1eedi cho vua nh\u00e0 mi ch\u1ee9 c\u00f3 g\u1eedi cho th\u1eb1ng b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ecdc. Anh Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 x\u01b0a nay \u1edf x\u1ee9 tao, b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft m\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, k\u00ea khai \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi b\u00e1o c\u00e1o l\u00ean vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac m\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1i kh\u00e1c th\u00ec xao. Anh M\u1ef9 kh\u00f9ng l\u00ean b\u1ea3o T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 tao h\u00f4ng n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi k\u1ebb ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch, th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 nh\u00e0 tao h\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf. Anh Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3o, nh\u00e0 tao tr\u01b0\u1edbc nay ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1eb1ng T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb Anh \u0111\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ebf, xao ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00e0y kho\u00e1i c\u00e3i v\u1eady. Anh M\u1ef9 l\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u00f4ng s\u1ee9 Anh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1eddi... T\u00e2y S\u01a1n ra l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 \u1ed5ng g\u1eb7p ngay tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \"vua\" (Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c) n\u00e8. Anh Vi\u1ec7t s\u1ea1m m\u1eb7t, tao h\u00f4ng th\u00e8m n\u00f3i th\u1ee9 n\u00e0y nh\u00f3a. => Cu\u1ed9c c\u00e3i v\u00e3 n\u00e0y m\u1ea5t 5-6 ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n copy r\u1ed3i, anh Vi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i b\u1eaft s\u1eeda. Anh h\u1ecfi ngang h\u1ecfi ng\u1eeda T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee9c chi, \u1ee7a v\u1eady l\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed l\u00ean h\u1edf, thay \u0111\u1ed5i sau 4 n\u0103m h\u1edf? Ch\u1eafc b\u1ee5ng anh ngh\u0129 v\u1eady th\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2u to b\u1eb1ng vua, c\u00e1c anh b\u1ea3o nhao l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb ng\u1eef d\u1ecbch sao cho khi\u00eam cung nh\u00e3 nh\u1eb7n thoai. Anh M\u1ef9 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1eadt gi\u1eadt m\u00ecnh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1eedng c\u1ed3 l\u00ean: T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 tao h\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00e9m vua n\u00e0o h\u1ebft nh\u00e9, T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 tao c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ng\u1ea5t tr\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 vua 1 c\u00f5i \u0111\u00f3. Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau anh M\u1ef9 r\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft m\u1ea5y \u00f4ng quan xin l\u1ed7i, c\u00e1c \u00f4ng n\u00f3i, h\u1edf, tao c\u00f3 \u00fd b\u1ea5t k\u00ednh g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng anh M\u1ef9 t\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n r\u1ed3i, h\u1eb1m h\u00e8 k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i su\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng Vi\u1ec7t OK r\u1ed3i, gi\u1edd \u0111i d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0ng ho\u00e0ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean vua. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng M\u1ef9 kh\u00f3 x\u01a1i qu\u00e1, \"friendly\" h\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i giao n\u00e8, God ph\u00f9 h\u1ed9 ng\u00e0i th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1edb h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 n\u00e8. Anh M\u1ef9 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u00f4m c\u1ee5c t\u1ee9c s\u1eb5n, l\u1ea1i th\u00eam t\u00ednh anh x\u01b0a nay (\u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn th\u1ebf) coi anh l\u00e0 cha thi\u00ean h\u1ea1, anh l\u00e0m g\u00ec k\u1ec7 anh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 x\u1edb r\u1edb v\u00e0o, b\u1ea3o th\u01b0 nh\u00e0 anh th\u00ec d\u1ecbch cho n\u00f3 s\u00e1t ngh\u0129a v\u00e0o. D\u1ecbch kh\u00f4ng xong, th\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec anh b\u1ecf \u0111i, thuy\u1ec1n nh\u00e0 anh \u1edf kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1edb anh kh\u00f4ng \u0111i c\u1ea7u c\u1ea1nh th\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o h\u1ebft nh\u00e9. Anh Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ea9u, l\u00e0 m\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 tao ch\u1ee9 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tao \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd m\u00e0y \u0111\u00e2u, m\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7t quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u00e0y tao v\u1eabn ch\u01a1i v\u1edbi th\u1eb1ng Anh th\u1eb1ng Ph\u00e1p, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n tao m\u1edf t\u1ef1 do, th\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m thu\u1ebf n\u00ean m\u1edbi c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0i ch\u1edb tao c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u. Anh M\u1ef9 h\u1ea5t h\u00e0m b\u1ea3o, Anh Ph\u00e1p n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o v\u00e0i v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a TQ \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u1edb tao c\u00f3c th\u00e8m nh\u1edd. Anh Vi\u1ec7t b\u1ea9u phong t\u1ee5c nh\u00e0 tao l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, sao m\u00e0y kh\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1eady? Anh M\u1ef9 h\u1eb1m h\u00e8, m\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 tao th\u00ec tao v\u1eabn cho m\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo \u00fd m\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n, n\u00ean gi\u1edd tao th\u00edch l\u00e0m theo l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tao, tao kh\u00f3 \u1edf v\u1edbi m\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00ec xaoooooo.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, do \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 do c\u00e3i nhao h\u0103ng say, t\u1eeb khi thuy\u1ec1n c\u1eadp b\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 1 th\u00e1ng. Sau khi khu\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Hu\u1ebf r\u1ed3i, anh M\u1ef9 ra h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh, 7 ng\u00e0y sau m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 tao nh\u1ed5 neo \u0111i \u00e0. Nh\u01b0ng 3 ng\u00e0y sau th\u01b0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn tay b\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0110\u1ea1i Nam th\u1ef1c l\u1ee5c k\u1ec3, vua v\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra xem th\u00ec thuy\u1ec1n Hu\u00ea K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 (gi\u1eadn d\u1ed7i) b\u1ed1c h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

V\u1eebng, c\u00e2u chi\u1ec7n ngo\u1ea1i giao d\u1edf h\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

---<\/p>\n

M\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00e9p trong n\u00e0y, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh VN th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng kha kh\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 1 th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n thuy\u1ec1n, M.Vanier l\u00e0 con lai c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u1edbng Gia Long c\u0169ng \u1edf l\u1ea1i VN l\u00e0m ch\u1ec9 huy t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n d\u00f9 cha \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng ng\u00f4n thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 c\u0169ng c\u00f3. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0u Hu\u00ea K\u1ef3 c\u0169ng r\u1ee9t l\u00e0 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, cho qu\u00e0, cho \u0103n cho u\u1ed1ng, b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3ng nh\u00e0 tui t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e3i nhao l\u00e0 do... kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a thoai.<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n

------<\/p>\n

NARRATIVE OF A VOYAGE TO COCHIN CHINA.<\/strong>
\nBy CHARLES CHAPMAN<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, C.Chapman l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n To\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n Anh t\u1ea1i Bengal \u0111\u1ebfn Nam H\u00e0 n\u0103m 1777-1778 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n chuy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m \u0103n (m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra). 1 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00f3i:<\/p>\n

- V\u1ea7nggggggg, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, Nh\u1ea1c h\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 anh \"ng\u1ed3i x\u00f3 QN\", ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea1ch ra 1 \"k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i\": \"\u00d4ng \u1ea5y b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch cho t\u00f4i v\u00e0i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00e0 \u00f4ng v\u1ea1ch ra: H\u1ecd s\u1ebd h\u1ea1 b\u1ec7 vua Cambodia, chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o cho \u0111\u1ebfn bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam La, v\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Nam H\u00e0 c\u0169, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean ph\u00eda B\u1eafc, n\u01a1i \u0111ang thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc H\u00e0. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ta mong c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a v\u00e0i t\u00e0u Anh, \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u00e0i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n (ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y ghi s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee3).\"<\/p>\n

- L\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3i b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch \u1edf b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf g\u1ea7n V\u0169ng T\u00e0u, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0\u1edbp l\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7. :v V\u00ec khi Chapman \u0111\u1ebfn, Nguy\u1ec5n Hu\u1ec7 c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u1eadn \u0111i \"chinh ph\u1ea1t\" \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai, Nh\u1ea1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111i. S\u1eed Nguy\u1ec5n c\u0169ng ghi th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1t ph\u00e1 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh (C\u00f9 lao Ph\u1ed1 c\u0169ng ti\u00eau v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y). V\u1ea7ng, ch\u00ednh anh, \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u1eeba. :v<\/p>\n

- Trang ph\u1ee5c qu\u00e2n T\u00e2y S\u01a1n m\u00e0u xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng. :v (Qu\u00e2n Nguy\u1ec5n m\u1edbi m\u1eb7c m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf) Th\u1eadt ra qu\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e2u, nh\u01b0ng qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vua t\u1ea1i Quy Nh\u01a1n m\u1eb7c m\u00e0o xanh.<\/p>\n

- Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c y chang vua VN, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3n \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 c\u00f4ng m\u1eb7c trang ph\u1ee5c Chi\u00eam Th\u00e0nh (Hindu). V\u00e0 Nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u0103n (tuban) m\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecf khi m\u1eb7c th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee5c. V\u00e0 khi g\u1eb7p chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i (nh\u01b0 tin b\u00e1o t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ed3ng Nai), Nh\u1ea1c cho l\u00e0m l\u1ec5 hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf tr\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

- H\u1ed9i An \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \"N\u00f3 b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i b\u1edfi 1 trong nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Nh\u1ea1c... \u0110\u1ebfn H\u1ed9i An, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a 1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn. Nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, l\u00e1t \u0111\u00e1 ph\u1eb3ng phiu, hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e3y nh\u00e0 g\u1ea1ch v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eddi \u01a1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i g\u00ec ngo\u00e0i t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e0o. V\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0i n\u01a1i b\u1ea1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u00e0i k\u1ebb kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, che m\u01b0a n\u1eafng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i l\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng tranh v\u00e0 tre.\"<\/p>\n

- V\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y: \"T\u1ea1i Hu\u1ebf \u0111ang n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a B\u1eafc H\u00e0, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c, th\u1ecbt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y b\u00e1n c\u00f4ng khai \u1edf ch\u1ee3.\"<\/p>\n

- T\u00e2y S\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o: \"C\u00f3 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng xa c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed9c \u1ea9n n\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong v\u00f9ng do B\u1eafc H\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. Vi\u00ean quan (c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y S\u01a1n) c\u00f3 quen v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ta, li\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd g\u1ecdi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 che ch\u1edf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng t\u00f4i nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em theo v\u1ee3 con c\u00f9ng c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn. Khi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00e0 N\u1eb5ng, \u00f4ng \u0111i t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ee3 con l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n. Vi\u00ean quan nhanh nh\u1ea3u \u0111\u00f3n \u00f4ng \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a qua c\u1ed5ng, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00ednh b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c b\u1ecb ch\u00e9m bay \u0111\u1ea7u. Sau \u0111\u00f3, vi\u00ean quan n\u00e0y l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 v\u1ee3 con ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n. Ngay khi v\u1eeba l\u00ean thuy\u1ec1n, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 cho tr\u00f3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em l\u1ea1i n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng s\u00f4ng, l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\"<\/p>\n

(H\u00e8n g\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecd M\u1ea1c \u1edf Qu\u1ea3ng Nam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh h\u1ecd Nguy\u1ec5n tr\u00e1nh n\u1ea1n. =-=)<\/p>\n

---<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1: Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1803 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ee9 Anh v\u1ec1 \"th\u00f4ng t\u1ea5n x\u00e3 con v\u1ecbt\": \"Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p quen thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch v\u1ecb vua n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u, v\u00e0 TQ s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u1ebfp theo trong tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n v\u1edbi vua TQ v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0 vua c\u1ee7a VN d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 \u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.\"<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1807, 1 trung \u00fay Anh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eed t\u1edbi bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \"kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t\" qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Ho\u00e0ng Sa, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \"b\u1ea1n\" Anh b\u1ecb s\u00fat bay. =-= N\u0103m 1814, Gia Long cho c\u1eafm lu\u00f4n c\u1edd \u1edf Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Sa, \"\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u00e0 \u00f4ng, c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ee5ng\".<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n

------<\/p>\n

Vietnam\u2019s Overseas Trade in the 19th Century: The Singapore Connection<\/p>\n

The Singapore Chinese and the Saigon Trade of the nineteenth century<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ecdc B\u00e1o c\u00e1o ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng VN th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u1edbi Singapore c\u1ee7a Li Tana, l\u1ea1i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

\"Ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c thuy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3m, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 c\u1eadp b\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng n\u0103m, trong ba n\u0103m qua, t\u1eeb kinh \u0111\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Nam K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0u-th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c Nh\u00e0 Vua Nam K\u1ef3 (Cochinchinese), l\u00e0 k\u1ebb, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Trung Hoa c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c [b\u00e1o c\u00e1o?] chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch.\" - John Crawful<\/p>\n

B\u00ean T\u00e0o b\u1ea9u b\u00e1c MM gh\u00e9t T\u00e2y, b\u00ean T\u00e2y b\u1ea9u b\u00e1c gh\u00e9t T\u00e0o, l\u00e0 xao, l\u00e0 xao? :v :v :v<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec7t ra chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch trong c\u00e1c n\u0103m. Trong khi Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \"c\u1edfi m\u1edf\" nh\u1ea5t, th\u00ec th\u1ef1c ra kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u0103m sau.<\/p>\n

Tuy th\u1eadt ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n do TQ b\u1ecb Anh \u0111\u00e1nh, m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch v\u1edbi TQ do v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 su\u00f4n s\u1ebb, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1i VN \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng sang c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110N \u00c1 t\u1eeb sau n\u0103m 1839. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y VN kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng TQ (n\u00ean Minh M\u1ea1ng nghe chuy\u1ec7n o\u00e1nh nhao ch\u1ec9 than \"nh\u00e0 ta v\u1eady l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu tr\u00e0 \u1ed3i\".)<\/p>\n

M\u00e0 thi\u1ec7t ra t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kinh t\u1ebf ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1eadu d\u1ecbch giai \u0111o\u1ea1n 30-39 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m 30 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khi chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t - Tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00e1nh nhao v\u1edbi Ch\u00e0 V\u00e0 c\u00f2n thua, b\u1ecb vua ch\u1edfi cho t\u01a1i b\u1eddi. Hay nh\u01b0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb Singapore qua S\u00e0i G\u00f2n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 MM ban ra b\u1ea3o LVD ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. Hay nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a G\u0110 l\u00e0 g\u1ea1o, c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng lu\u00f4n v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. (Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, ph\u00eda tr\u00ean n\u1ed5i kh\u00f9ng l\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u00e3 c\u1ed5 c\u0169ng ch\u1ea3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng g\u00ec s\u1ea5t.)<\/p>\n

Theo b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y, h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a G\u0110 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 g\u1ea1o, xu\u1ea5t \u0111i TQ l\u1eabn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110N \u00c1. Nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh VN l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf h\u1ebft m\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ea1o. Chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00ec trong n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebfu, trong n\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebfu th\u00ec gi\u00e1 g\u1ea1o l\u00ean cao, gi\u00e1 g\u1ea1o l\u00ean cao th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1eb1ng gi\u00e0u s\u1ed1ng th\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o ti\u00eau t\u00f9ng h\u1ebft. Ti\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea1o, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3i \u1edf Nam H\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1ed5 l\u00faa tr\u1ed3ng \u0111ay, d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n gi\u00e1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng 1 t\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. Ngay \u0111\u1ebfn G\u0110 \"kho g\u1ea1o\" c\u0169ng b\u1ecb n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i v\u00ec gi\u00e1 g\u1ea1o ch\u00eanh - nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t do n\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n T\u00e0u. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0... chuy\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Trong \u0110VSK, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ghi \"\u0111\u00f3i\" bao g\u1ed3m: 982, 1042, 1156, 1208, 1268, 1290, 1291, 1292, 1301, 1310, 1320, 1333, 1337, 1343, 1344, 1354, 1358, 1379, 1405, 1408, 1409, 1447, 1467, 1487, 1490, 1492, 1512, 1517, 1557, 1559, 1572, 1577, 1585, 1586, 1589, 1594, 1595, 1596, 1608, 1629, 1630, 1634, 1679, 1681, 1694, 1695, 1702, 1703, 1712, 1713, 1724, 1728, 1740, 1741, 1753, 1757, 1758, 1768, 1774, 1776, 1777, 1778, 1786, 1788, 1790.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea7ng, n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra s\u1eed ghi c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i. Nh\u01b0 1 tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3i \"s\u01a1 s\u01a1\" m\u00e0 s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 ghi \"n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3i\" ch\u1ee9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \"\u0111\u00f3i to\", Baron \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \"tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3i \u1ea5y h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft\". (D\u00f9 ch\u1eafc c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ghi phi\u1ebfm ch\u1ec9, ai \u0111\u00e2u \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfm).<\/p>\n

N\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ngay t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 15. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ec l\u00fac 10 n\u0103m, l\u00fac 50 n\u0103m m\u1edbi x\u1ea3y ra n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i 1 l\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 10 n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec ch\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ea3. Cho n\u00ean s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u \"\u0111\u00f3i\" n\u00e0y ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb l\u00fd do l\u00e0... th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc thi\u1ebfu s\u1eed li\u1ec7u n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ghi h\u1ebft, th\u00ec l\u00fd do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 cao qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c... bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00ed h\u1eadu d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f2n v\u00ec 1 l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa: S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 l\u00faa g\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong th\u1eddi Nguy\u1ec5n, khi l\u00faa kho \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111em \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eafp \u0111\u1ea7u kia, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh n\u1ea3y ra \u00fd m\u1edbi: Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u g\u00f3p l\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbc phong (aka b\u00e1n l\u00faa l\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1i ph\u1ea9m t\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y thi\u1ec7t ra c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u1eafm, nh\u01b0 cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2y nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3 sang h\u01a1n n\u00e8, mi\u1ec5n phu n\u00e8 :v ). Chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi Tr\u1ecbnh, khi v\u1ee3 L\u00ea Qu\u00fd \u0110\u00f4n \u0111i \"l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n\" r\u00ecnh rang hay nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n bu\u00f4n g\u1ea1o l\u1edbn n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, \"gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n\" c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf VN kh\u00e1 s\u1edbm, nh\u01b0ng... 1 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u, 2 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ee7 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu (T\u00e0o), v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh th\u00ec c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng h\u01a1n (D\u00f9 thi\u1ec7t ra chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m v\u1eabn do thi\u00ean tai l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh). T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, Baron \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 n\u1ea1n ch\u1ea3y m\u00e1u v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e3i, \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 th\u00ec c\u00f2n n\u1ea1n thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n. \u0110i k\u00e8m theo n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u1eadt l\u00e0... L\u01b0\u1ee3m \u01a1i.<\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/p>\n

-------<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voyage from French to Cochinchina in the ship Henry – Captain Rey of Bourdeaux. Gia Long, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u00ean t\u00e0i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn cho n\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lo s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n trong t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t nhanh nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n trong ngh\u1ecbch c\u1ea3nh, \u00f4ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ho\u00e0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm g\u00ec v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh – v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, khi ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdn ng\u01b0\u1eddi con l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u00f4ng bi\u1ebft (theo ch\u00ednh b\u1ed9c b\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng) “c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m c\u00e2y g\u1eady v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lich-su-news","category-news"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8698"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8698\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}