(\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Vi\u1ec7t Nam.) <\/p>\n
---<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i th\u00eam v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Xi\u00eam La, L\u00e0o, Anh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n
Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i - qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Anh k\u00fd v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng. 5 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (1821), khi Anh qu\u1ed1c l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 vua Nangklao, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5 ra kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. V\u00e0 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa Xi\u00eam La v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y qu\u00e2n Anh, Xi\u00eam La \u0111\u00e3 thua tr\u1eadn. Do \u0111\u00f3, Xi\u00eam b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng minh h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho Anh \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n. Xi\u00eam ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tham chi\u1ebfn \u1edf Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u1edbng Xi\u00eam ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1nh, khi\u1ebfn Anh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ecd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 g\u00e2y r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i th\u00eam. Th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Xi\u00eam, Anh b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc. Sau khi Anh \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eafng Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1826, Xi\u00eam bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i k\u00fd th\u00eam hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf c\u1eeda t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh t\u1ef1 do ra v\u00e0o. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nh\u1ea3y v\u00e0o, c\u00f9ng b\u1eaft Xi\u00eam k\u00fd th\u00eam hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 1833, ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn bu\u1ed9c Xi\u00eam k\u00fd hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf c\u1eeda. <\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1805, vua Anouvong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Xi\u00eam th\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 L\u00e0o (ph\u1ea7n V\u1ea1n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng), do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u1ecb Xi\u00eam b\u1eaft gi\u1eef l\u00e0m con tin, Anouvong \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi VN. N\u0103m 1824, nh\u00e2n l\u00fac Xi\u00eam b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn tranh Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, Anouvong gi\u1eef Vi\u00eang Ch\u0103n, \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Khorat \u1edf Xi\u00eam, ti\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n t\u1edbi Bangkok. Xi\u00eam \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u1ea3, Anouvong b\u1ecb thua, ch\u1ea1y sang Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u1ea7u c\u1ee9u. Qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Xi\u00eam \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Vi\u00eang Ch\u0103n v\u00e0 san b\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Sau khi Xi\u00eam r\u00fat \u0111i, Anouvong tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i L\u00e0o v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, tra t\u1ea5n t\u1edbi ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n
\u1ede Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p, n\u0103m 1810, nh\u1eefng anh em c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p xung \u0111\u1ed9t, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u1ee7a vua N\u1eb7c Ch\u0103n ch\u1ea1y sang Xi\u00eam La - trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Ang Duong (s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 N\u1eb7c Gion), s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 2 ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n n\u00e0y, Xi\u00eam La nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n tranh ch\u1ea5p v\u1edbi VN quanh ngai v\u00e0ng Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p (nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi). N\u0103m 1847, Ang Duong tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh vua Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p. Nh\u00e0 vua n\u00e0y, trong d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ed m\u1eadt tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng minh v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p (\u0110\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3, khi Ang Duong qua \u0111\u1eddi, Cambodia l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay Ph\u00e1p.) <\/p>\n
N\u00ean \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean do g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t cho xung \u0111\u1ed9t Xi\u00eam - Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p l\u00e0... \u1edf L\u00e0o. Vua L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o Xi\u00eam, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Vi\u1ec7t Nam che ch\u1edf. Tuy th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a VN trong chi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i L\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 ng\u1ea7n ng\u1eeb, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec xung \u0111\u1ed9t Xi\u00eam-L\u00e0o n\u00e0y, khi Xi\u00eam chi\u1ebfm Vi\u00eang Ch\u0103n, v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a L\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi VN, VN nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ecd d\u00e2ng l\u1eadp th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9nh huy\u1ec7n Tr\u1ea5n Ninh, Tr\u1ea5n T\u0129nh... L\u00fac n\u00e0y \"bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi\" Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 VN \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1t c\u1ea1nh nhau. V\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1edbn nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng vua V\u1ea1n T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1nh Xi\u00eam do b\u00ean VN x\u00fai gi\u1ee5c (d\u00f9 ta b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean<\/em> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 th\u1ebf d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i hay kh\u00f4ng). Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb1ng ch\u1ecbt n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 l\u0129nh t\u1ea1i L\u00e0o, Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t cho VN, tuy d\u01b0\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a \"tr\u1ea3 \u01a1n, c\u1ed1ng n\u1ea1p\", \"d\u00e2ng t\u1eb7ng\", th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 \"nh\u1edd\" VN canh gi\u1eef ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e1nh l\u1ea1i Xi\u00eam. <\/p>\n N\u00ean c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n, b\u00ean VN... kh\u00f4ng \"d\u00e1m\" nh\u1eadn (Nh\u01b0 Gia Long t\u1eebng n\u00f3i \"Tham m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecda ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi\"). Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a VN r\u1ea5t \"g\u1ea5u\", h\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 x\u00fai vua nh\u1eadn (ngay c\u1ea3 L\u00ea V\u0103n Duy\u1ec7t, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh v\u1eabn x\u00fai Gia Long nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh Xi\u00eam nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng). Xi\u00eam c\u00e0ng \u00e9p th\u00ec VN c\u00e0ng g\u1ea5u. Ngay trong n\u0103m 1821-1823, khi L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n L\u1ea1p mu\u1ed1n d\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c quan \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u1ed3i kh\u00f4ng y\u00ean b\u1ea3o ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u0111i, l\u00e0m v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec7m ch\u1ed1ng Xi\u00eam, ch\u1ee9 ch\u1ea3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 Xi\u00eam ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi c\u1eeda nh\u00e0. <\/p>\n (Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 xui th\u00ec ki\u1ec3u g\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng xui. Ta kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn th\u00ec c\u0169ng mang h\u1ecda nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng.)<\/p>\n ---<\/p>\n Xem x\u00e9t tr\u00ean \"kinh nghi\u1ec7m\" c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i Lan, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \"ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p\" l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a VN. '__' Th\u00e1i Lan (c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n - hay ngay c\u1ea3 TQ) gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y. Vua Th\u00e1i Lan th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra cu\u1ed9c thay \u0111\u1ed5i phong t\u1ee5c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a quan d\u00e2n, tuy v\u1eady, v\u1eabn ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea9y Th\u00e1i Lan v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y. H\u01a1n h\u1ebft, khi \"b\u00e0y t\u1ecf\" s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, Th\u00e1i Lan c\u0169ng tranh th\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y (Nh\u01b0 trong cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi VN, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Xi\u00eam d\u00f9ng s\u00fang c\u1ee7a Anh, v\u00e0 MM ph\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1m th\u00ednh xem Anh c\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng). V\u00e0 Th\u00e1i \"s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\" ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1, r\u1ed3i khi nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ecdt v\u00e0o tay T\u00e2y, b\u1ecb x\u00e0 x\u1ebbo ki\u1ec3u g\u00ec th\u00ec Th\u00e1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n... r\u1ea5t to (c\u00e1i ph\u1ea7n b\u1ecb Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Anh l\u1ea5y d\u00f9 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 1 n\u1eeda n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u00e1i c\u1ed5 th\u00ec v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba =.=).<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 vua Rama III n\u00f3i trong di chi\u1ebfu n\u0103m 1851: \"Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a ta v\u1edbi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1m \u1ea3nh hay t\u00f4n th\u1edd.\" - V\u00e0 vua Rama IV l\u00e0 1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n T\u00e2y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng.<\/p>\n Cho n\u00ean ph\u00e1i \"Ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a\" c\u1ee7a VN ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1i s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n \"Ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn\". K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \"ch\u1ee7 chi\u1ebfn\" \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi T\u00f4n Th\u1ea5t Thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 H\u00e0m Nghi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 VN r\u01a1i h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o tay Ph\u00e1p, m\u1ea5t n\u1ed1t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u1edf tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh Hu\u1ebf. C\u00e0ng (ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u0111\u00e1nh th\u00ec Ph\u00e1p c\u00e0ng si\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eadp l\u1ea1i cho kh\u1ecfi ng\u1ea9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean. Nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i th\u00ec ch\u00ednh th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch VN. <\/p>\n V\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1i, Nh\u1eadt, TQ - v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \"b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng\" c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ea3 ai nghe ai, trong nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh nhau te tua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecbch - m\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thua th\u1ea3m thi\u1ebft. <\/p>\n (Ghi ch\u00fa: C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y x\u00fai \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh nhau. C\u00e1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \"th\u00e0 ch\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0ng\" n\u00e0y \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i l\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. M\u1ea5y \u1ed5ng ch\u1ebft th\u00ec ch\u1ebft, t\u1ef1 coi nh\u01b0 \"\u0111\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\", c\u00f2n n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf cho ai? Th\u00eam \u00f4ng vua n\u00f3ng m\u00e1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 coi nh\u01b0... xong.)<\/p>\n C\u1ee9 ch\u1eedi l\u00e0 \"h\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i\" ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1i kinh-nghi\u1ec7m \"ch\u1ee7 h\u00f2a\", l\u00f3t tay m\u1eddi T\u00e2y v\u00e0o r\u00e0nh r\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3. ---<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn b\u00e1o, \u1edf c\u00e1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ed5 - t\u00f4n th\u1edd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. <\/p>\n T\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a NB, Th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00e0ng cao c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t - hay \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ea1p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ee9a n\u00e0o c\u00e3i m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec m\u1edbi mong \u0111i b\u00e0y tr\u00f2 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ea5t t\u1eadt th\u00f3i quen, phong t\u1ee5c, th\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00f4n th\u1edd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1p xu\u1ed1ng. <\/p>\n Th\u00e1i th\u00ec d\u00f9ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ch\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u01b0a nay, NB th\u00ec \u0111i di\u1ec7t h\u1ebft ph\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m g\u00ec th\u00ec l\u00e0m. Ch\u1ee9 c\u00e1i tr\u00f2 tr\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh xu\u00f4i, k\u00e8n th\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec n\u00ean h\u1ed3n h\u1ebft. <\/p>\n (Ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp ngoan nh\u01b0 c\u00fan. TQ d\u00f9ng \"v\u0169 kh\u00ed\" n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng.)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 “Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the …,” John Crawfurd (1783-1868) l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Anh qu\u1ed1c. \u00d4ng v\u1ed1n h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec1 y, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1808, Crawfurd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 M\u00e3 Lai, tham chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng H\u00e0 Lan \u1edf Indonesia v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i Java t\u1eeb 1811 \u0111\u1ebfn 1816. Sau khi H\u00e0 Lan l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i Java, Crawfurd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho Anh, \u0111i l\u1ea1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u0103m 1821, Crawfurd \u0111\u1ebfn Xi\u00eam La v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Anh v\u00e0 Xi\u00eam La \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Xi\u00eam La v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi – sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1687. Cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i giao gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Xi\u00eam La, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Xi\u00eam La tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a Anh khi Anh \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n v\u00e0o 1624. V\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i – qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa Anh v\u00e0 Xi\u00eam La c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,28,1],"tags":[106,107],"class_list":["post-7299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ca-nhan","category-lich-su-news","category-news","tag-lich-su-2","tag-viet-nam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7299"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7299\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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