Link<\/a>, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o xem nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 chia xong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. <\/p>\nNg\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef Malacca, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 sang ch\u00e2u \u00c1, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1511. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha kh\u1ecfi Malacca v\u00e0o 1641 - Ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a hai n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm - g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan, Anh, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0110\u00e0i Loan, Macao, C\u00f4n \u0110\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n
N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o l\u00e0 \"N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\" \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian \u1ea5y m\u1edbi th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c1. N\u0103m 1527, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Charles III ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y Roma, kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Clement VII. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1. D\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh Kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch lan kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. <\/p>\n
Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft th\u1eddi gian tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p g\u1eb7p r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea1nh tranh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3n t\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u1ee7y th\u1ee7 \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb T\u00e2y Ba Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n, b\u1eaft gi\u1eef. Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p mang s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p \u0111i tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha. N\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Xi\u00eam La, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n
T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, Ph\u00e1p l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Anh. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eadn 1601, Fran\u00e7ois Martin de Vitr\u00e9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng. Vua Henry IV li\u1ec1n cho l\u1eadp c\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1eedi \u0111i v\u00e0i chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u. Cu\u1ed9c tranh chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan \u1edf Malacca v\u00e0o 1619 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thua tr\u1eadn cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 Lan c\u0169ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Ph\u00e1p v\u00ec \"Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c1 v\u00e0 \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9\". Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, Ph\u00e1p xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam La v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y c\u1ea5m c\u1eeda. <\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1685, Ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o \"th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o\" v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eedi 5 gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn Trung Qu\u1ed1c. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 Ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf Ayutthaya v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u00ecm m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n qu\u1ed1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p suy y\u1ebfu, c\u00f4ng ty \u0110\u00f4ng \u1ea4n Ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1 s\u1ea3n. Sau s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n th\u1eddi Napoleon, n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eadp trong n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t li\u00ean mi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n m\u00ecnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd qua 2 cu\u1ed9c CM khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0a Ph\u00e1p tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba chung c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n
N\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng c\u00f9ng 1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ch\u00e2u \u00c1: g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o. Trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2u \u00c1, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u01b0 Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n, Trung Qu\u1ed1c, Xi\u00eam La, Vi\u1ec7t Nam... \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn theo sau l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u. <\/p>\n
Trong su\u1ed1t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16-19, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng - trong cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u \u00c2u - tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n chia thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n chinh ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c \"th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 qu\u1ed1c gia\" l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi. <\/p>\n
Nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam s\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ba Nha. S\u1ef1 \"th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng\" n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh ch\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 Anh v\u00e0 H\u00e0 Lan. C\u00e1c vua ch\u00faa c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u00ec th\u1ebf s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra nguy c\u01a1 t\u1eeb \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ch\u00faa Hi\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1665 \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00ec \"nghe n\u00f3i qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha\" - \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ba Nha \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2u \u00c1 t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, \u0111o\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 \"thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1\" h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 Malacca, Philipine. Nh\u01b0ng H\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 Anh, sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 \"th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng\" n\u00e0y. Cu\u1ed9c tranh chi\u1ebfm di\u1ec5n ra gay g\u1eaft tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t bi\u1ec3n. <\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ebfn t\u00e0u T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, Jonh Barrow t\u1eebng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n
Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 huy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i chi\u1ebfc t\u00e0u B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, T\u00e2y Ba Nha, H\u00e0 Lan, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua M\u0169i H\u1ea3o V\u1ecdng, cho ph\u00e9p m\u00ecnh c\u00e1i quy\u1ec1n b\u1eaft gi\u1eef, chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu hay ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh \u0111i, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ec1n Arab, Malay hay China. Chuy\u1ebfn h\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh t\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4ng ta coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn s\u0103n bi\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c, \u00f4ng ta g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba hi\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 nh\u01b0 b\u1ecdn v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o hay t\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc thuy\u1ec1n China n\u1eb7ng tr\u0129u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, l\u00fac \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u01b0\u1edbp. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ec1n hay ch\u1ee7 h\u00e0ng b\u1ecb n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng bi\u1ec3n v\u00ec t\u1ed9i d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o khi kh\u00f4ng ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c qu\u1ef3 xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. V\u00e0 d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i hay ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ecb g\u00e1n cho m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ecfi khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. V\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi China khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0 t\u00f4i xin l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i bi\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u00f4 nh\u1ee5c n\u00e0y; v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. <\/p><\/blockquote>\n
(Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi trong Shogun, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00f9ng chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \"d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o\" \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con t\u00e0u \"s\u0103n bi\u1ec3n\" v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n
\u1ede VN, sau khi Anh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi TQ, ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i, t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c c\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ea3 quan t\u01b0\u1edbng, qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i tr\u00fa ph\u00f2ng trong th\u1eddi Thi\u1ec7u Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e0u Anh, Ph\u00e1p.)<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/p>\nD\u00f2 l\u1ea1i danh s\u00e1ch \"t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o\" c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i VN, trong th\u1eddi Minh M\u1ea1ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc 1833, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua v\u1eabn c\u00f2n mang t\u00ednh r\u0103n \u0111e, d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Gia t\u00f4 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Phi\u00ean An, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 theo thuy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam - Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c truy b\u1ee9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/p>\n
(C\u0169ng theo d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam v\u00e0 Anh qu\u1ed1c. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb khai ra sau khi th\u00e0nh b\u1ecb h\u1ea1. L\u00fac n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ngang v\u1edbi an ninh qu\u1ed1c gia.) <\/p>\n
- 2 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3 Ph\u00fa Ho\u00e0i Nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 3) b\u1ecb b\u1eaft \u1edf Phi\u00ean An \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba sai Paris.<\/p>\n
- T\u1eeb 1851 - 1861, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed c\u00f3 5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ba Nha, 4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p. <\/p>\n
- Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng 1745, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u, Ho\u00e0ng C\u00f4ng Ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng S\u01a1n Nam, H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00e1 tan ph\u1ed1 Hi\u1ebfn. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi qu\u00e2n n\u1ed5i d\u1eady? \u0110\u1ebfn 1773, c\u00f3 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, s\u1ee3 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh S\u00e2m l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ra l\u1ec7nh truy n\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n
(M\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \"n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u1edfi ngh\u0129a\" Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1eefu C\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea5y h\u1ebb: \"L\u00fac \u1ea5y gi\u1eb7c c\u1ecf \u1edf H\u1ea3i D\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5y tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1eb9p m\u1eb7t b\u1eafc, nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 h\u1edf, b\u00e8n qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i c\u01b0\u1edbp b\u00f3c c\u00e1c l\u1ed9 H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00e2u, Kho\u00e1i Ch\u00e2u, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u v\u01a1 v\u00e9t nh\u1eb5n nh\u1ee5i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5y. B\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec5u ph\u1ea3i chu\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang treo ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean c\u1ea7n tre, \u0111\u1ed5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u0169i, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c v\u00e0o trong m\u1eaft r\u1ed3i kh\u00e2u l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u00e0 giam c\u00f3 r\u1eafn, r\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u1ea5y gi\u00e1o xi\u00ean tr\u1ebb con, d\u00f9ng l\u1eeda thi\u00eau ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ea3m kh\u1ed1c. D\u00e2n s\u1edf t\u1ea1i k\u00e9o \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1eeda khuy\u1ebft k\u00eau v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nguy c\u1ea5p, xin tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh sai t\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111em qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt l\u1ea5y d\u00e2n.\"<\/em>)<\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/p>\n---<\/p>\n
N\u00f3i thi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 g\u1eb7p m\u1ec1nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n 1833 th\u00ec m\u1ec1nh c\u0169ng ch\u1eedi. =0= V\u00e0o n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e2y chuy\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n t\u1ecf v\u1ebb oan \u1ee9c qu\u00e1i gi\u1ec1? M\u1ee3 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9 Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh ti\u00eau \u0111\u1eddi (v\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Xi\u00eam m\u00e0 \"d\u00e2n 10 ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n 2,3 ph\u1ea7n\") b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u00f3p c\u1ed5 h\u1ebft c\u0169ng u\u1ed5ng.<\/p>\n
(Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ee9a \u0111i g\u00e2y chuy\u1ec7n bi gi\u1edd l\u1ea1i to m\u1ed3m h\u01a1n h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho \"n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n\" kia m\u1edbi t\u00e0i. =0= H\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \"th\u00e1nh\" \"b\u1ecb b\u1eaft\" \u1edf trong th\u00e0nh Phi\u00ean An su\u1ed1t 3 n\u0103m tr\u1eddi, \"kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\", \"b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft oan\", \"m\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9a kia n\u00f3 khai ch\u1ee9 t\u00f4i c\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u00e2u\". Trong khi \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb con \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u00f2ng d\u00e2y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Thi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp la l\u00e0ng.) <\/p>\n
---<\/p>\n
C\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 NB, b\u00f3p c\u1ed5 \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i h\u1ebft r\u00e1o ngay t\u1eeb s\u1edbm, ban h\u00e0nh bushido cho h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, th\u1ebf l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n h\u1ecdc g\u00ec th\u00ec h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ea1o g\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u1ee9 nghe vua tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 1 \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e2n chia manh m\u00fan \u0111\u00e1nh nhao lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea1, lo\u1ea1n m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n t\u00edt m\u00f9, d\u00e2n NB tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. <\/p>\n
Nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda b\u1ebf quan, n\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf kh\u1ed1c li\u1ec7t c\u00f3 \u00edch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi NB ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f9a. D\u00e2n NB kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu n\u1ea1n chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u1ee7a m\u1ea5y \"s\u1ee9 qu\u00e2n\" r\u1edfm \u0111\u1eddi, r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n, k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt th\u00e9p, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u0103n ngh\u1ec7... H\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc manh m\u00fan sau Chi\u1ebfn qu\u1ed1c th\u00e0nh 1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. <\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c Ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi T\u00e2y d\u01b0\u01a1ng, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. =0= Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n
---<\/p>\n
B\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (M\u1ec1nh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean \u1ee7y s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o \u1ee3), m\u00e0 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed - th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 Shogun c\u1ee7a James Clavell. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, do 1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong quan h\u1ec7 \u00c2u – \u00c1 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 – Trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 “nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9” trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c “khai s\u00e1ng v\u0103n minh” s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i ra. N\u1ebfu theo d\u00f5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed qu\u00e1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 ch\u00e1n th\u00ec n\u00ean \u0111i \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf th\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 Tin l\u00e0nh – Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean… “M\u1ecdi c\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u00eda \u0110\u00f4ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, m\u1ecdi c\u00e1i \u1edf ph\u00eda T\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ba Nha. P\u00ea\u0111ro Cabran \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Braxin n\u0103m 1500, cho n\u00ean b\u00e2y gi\u1edd Braxin thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t v\u00e0 B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6914,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[21,28,1],"tags":[106,107],"class_list":["post-7268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ca-nhan","category-lich-su-news","category-news","tag-lich-su-2","tag-viet-nam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7268"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7268\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}