B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ef1oc g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 3 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi nghe th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nam th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam g\u1eedi \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u201ct\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ecdng Nam ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh Yi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, nghe h\u1ed5ng kh\u00e1\u201d.<\/p>\n
\u201cKh\u00f4n Ng\u0103n Ch\u00e2u L\u1ee5y S\u1ee5t S\u00f9i\u201d<\/p>\n
Th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n d\u1eady ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t khi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 h\u1ecfi c\u0169ng b\u00ed l\u00f9 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang\/sai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u00e9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u00f4n\u2026 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u201cvi\u1ebft sai\u201d ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam. Th\u1eadt ra gi\u1ecdng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u1edf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc hay b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u201cn\u00f3i sai\u201d linh \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 s\/x, ch\/tr, n\/l, r\/d\/gi\u2026 d\u00f9 gi\u1ecdng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean cho l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n
\u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ed9 ngh\u0129nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfng \u201csai\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kia - \u1edf v\u00f9ng t\u00f4i - tranh c\u00e3i \u201ckh\u00f4n ng\u0103n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5y s\u1ee5t s\u00f9i\u201d (1) nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i v\u00ec n\u1ed7i \u201ct\u00f4i \u0111\u00fang\/anh sai\u201d nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn\u2026 e l\u1ec7 n\u00e9p v\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi hoa kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 cho bi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda sao cho \u0111\u00fang.<\/p>\n
Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft n\u1eef s\u0129 \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec3m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, th\u1ecf th\u1ebb g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn chinh phu nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u201cv\u00e0n, vui, v\u1ed1n\u201d th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1n c\u00e2u Chinh Ph\u1ee5 Ng\u00e2m (2):<\/p>\n C\u00e2u 267 Khi m\u01a1, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfc khi t\u00e0n, M\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00f4 danh vi\u1ebft tay n\u0103m 1648 c\u00f3 c\u00e2u \u201cNh\u01a1n danh cha, \u00f9a con, \u00f9a Spirito Santo\u201d ,\u201cv\u00e0 = \u00f9a\u201d, Spirito Santo ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n\u201d (5). Linh m\u1ee5c \u00dd Christofori B. Bori, trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 vi\u1ebft tay n\u0103m 1631, vi\u1ebft \u201cCon gnoo muon bau tloam laom Hoa laom chiam\u201d (con nh\u1ecf mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0o trong l\u00f2ng Hoa Lang ch\u0103ng), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: c\u00f4\/em c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa Lan kh\u00f4ng (3). Ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e2u ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u01b0u \u00fd:<\/p>\n bau = v\u00e0o,<\/p>\n tloam = trong,<\/p>\n ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i vi\u1ebft \u201cTheo l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n thu\u1edf nay th\u00ec ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef do m\u1ed9t \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7t ra\u201d. Thi\u1ec7t ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u201c, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean do nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u1ee3p so\u1ea1n, g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n H\u00e3y xem th\u1eed v\u1ea7n V trong hai cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd (4). Hai cu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y, do hai nh\u00f3m so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n nhau. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, kh\u00f4ng gian c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c nhau xa l\u1eafc.<\/p>\n \u00c2m [v] trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes 1651<\/p>\n V\u1ea7n V t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n A. D. Rhodes c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 150 ch\u1eef. Tuy v\u1eady ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 25 ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng V v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u1edbi \u00e2m [v]. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n v\u1eafng, v\u1eafng v\u1ebb<\/p>\n v\u00e1ng d\u1ec7n, m\u1ea1ng d\u1ec7n<\/p>\n v\u00e0ng, chim v\u00e0ng anh<\/p>\n 125 ch\u1eef kh\u00e1c tuy x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o v\u1ea7n V, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201cua, ue, ui, ou\u2026\u201d \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 [w] hay [b-\u1ef3\u01a1]<\/p>\n u\u00f2i uoi = by\u00f2i byoi<\/p>\n con u\u1ecbt = con y\u1ecbt<\/p>\n o\u0169 b\u00e0 o\u0169 u\u00e3i = \u00f4ng b\u00e0 \u00f4ng by\u1ea3i<\/p>\n \u00faen \u00e1o = by\u00e9n \u00e1o<\/p>\n L\u1eadt qua v\u1ea7n B, c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 550 ch\u1eef, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 350 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi B, \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 [b] : b\u1ea1n b\u00e8, b\u00e0n th\u1edd, b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9. C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi B, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd \u00e2m b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u beta [b] c\u1ee7a Hy-L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u201cbe\u00e0o\u201d (5) hay b-\u1ef3\u01a1 trong gi\u1ecdng Nam b\u1ed9, v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n bua = byua<\/p>\n b\u00fa b\u00f5 = by\u00fa b\u00f5<\/p>\n bui b\u1ebb = byui by\u1ebb<\/p>\n \u00c2m [v] trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd 1838<\/p>\n C\u00f3 238 ch\u1eef v\u1ea7n V. C\u00e1c so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3\u2026 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i qu\u1ea5t ch\u1eef V h\u1ebft r\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u00e2m [v] trong gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc hi\u1ec7n nay. V\u1ea7n B ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef \u201cbua= vua\u201d. V\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa hai nh\u00f3m so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3:<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng: t\u0111 A.D. Rhodes, ch\u1eef l\u1edbn: t\u0111 Taberd:<\/p>\n bl\u1ecdn u\u1eb9n - TR\u1eccN V\u1eb8N<\/p>\n mu\u00f4n u\u1eadt - MU\u00d4N V\u1eacT<\/p>\n ui\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa bl\u1eddi - VI\u1ec6C CH\u00daA TR\u1edcI<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong v\u00f2ng 187 n\u0103m, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u00e2m [w, b, b-\u1ef3\u01a1], v\u00e0 kh\u00f3ac cho \u00e2m [v] gi\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng La tinh, hai l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i theo s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a qu\u00ed th\u1ea7y. Ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u kia.<\/p>\n Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a abc<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y k\u00fd \u00e2m abc cho ti\u1ebfng Byi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i\/\u0110\u00e0ng Trong (\u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0y\/\u0110\u00e0ng Tl\u00e3o = k\u00fd \u00e2m c\u1ee7a Gaspar De Amaral n\u0103m 1632) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 email\/phone\/fax\/m\u00e1y ghi \u00e2m\u2026 nh\u01b0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd. Hai \u0110\u00e0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho\u1ea3ng nhau. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y \u1edf \u0110\u00e0ng n\u00e0o \u1edf y\u00ean \u0110\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3ng \u0111a\u1ecd, v\u1eeba tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh. Th\u01b0 t\u1eeb qua l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t b\u00ed m\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, v\u00ec r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3 ch\u00faa Nguy\u1ec5n\/ch\u00faa Tr\u1ecbnh nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0m gi\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7p cho phe b\u00ean kia, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t. Ri\u00eang Alexandre de Rhodes b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y s\u00e1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u00ec gi\u1edd th\u1ea9m \u00e2m\/nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u\/gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eebng ch\u1eef. D\u1eabu sao, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y c\u00f2n d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m ban ch\u1eef V t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng La Tinh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e2m w, b-\u1ef3\u01a1, b.<\/p>\n Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n, linh m\u1ee5c A. D. Rhodes<\/p>\n * cho bi\u1ebft \u00e2m v\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed3-\u0110\u00e0o-Nha\/La-Tinh,<\/p>\n * gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ee5 \u00e2m, nguy\u00ean \u00e2m,<\/p>\n * l\u1ea1i ghi c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m sai bi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1t \u00e2m n\u00e0o nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 hay ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n \u00e2m kia.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5: bu\u00f4ng = vide (xem) bu\u00e2ng<\/p>\n cu\u1ed9i = vide (xem) qu\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Tuy v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng cho l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u00ec A. D. Rhodes l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i n\u0103ng g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ch\u1eef V. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 HXVi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng \u00e2m V l\u00e0 \u00e2m T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5. Th\u1eadt ra ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 357 n\u0103m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f3 \u00e2m [v]. H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc\/vi\u1ebft \u201couelle\u201d cho ch\u1eef vowels. Ti\u1ebfng Spanish d\u00f9 v\u1eabn vi\u1ebft V, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00e2m l\u01b0ng ch\u1eebng gi\u1eefa \u00e2m [v] v\u00e0 \u00e2m [b], v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201c la vida\u201d \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u201cla bi\u0111a\u201d.<\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed1n l\u00e1nh, n\u00ean tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i \u201c\u00e9p\u201d ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t cho gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m La Tinh. Kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i qu\u00fd th\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 th\u00edch \u00e2m [v] hay t\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t \u00e2m cho c\u00f9ng M\u1ed8T ch\u1eef l\u00e0m qu\u00ed th\u1ea7y b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef abc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd. Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 24 ch\u1eef c\u00e1i, ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c a-b-c ho\u00e1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n trang gi\u1ea5y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y: l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n gian v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n Vi\u1ec7t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ra ngo\u00e0i c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef abc l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1eef Nho, ch\u1eef N\u00f4m v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nho s\u0129. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm mua hai t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, tuy h\u01a1i hi\u1ebfm, n\u01a1i ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a\/\u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef\/phong t\u1ee5c\/l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng\/c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef h\u00f3a abc, l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111u\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc, gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u00f9ng m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n, nh\u1edd hai \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (16), nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i vi\u1ebft (1) \u201cH\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 hai \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i s\u01b0 v\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, l\u00e0 \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00f4ng Paulus C\u1ee7a, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh Trai. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00e0m ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfng An Nam.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c \u1ed5ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o m\u00e0 ra, cho n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u1ed5ng vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef y nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean \u0110\u1ea1o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang. H\u1ed3i b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd ch\u1eafc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 l\u1eabn t v\u1edbi c, l\u1eabn c\u00f3 g v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng g, l\u1eabn d\u1ea5u ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi, song le c\u00e1c \u1ed5ng vi\u1ebft ra th\u00ec ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e2u ra \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c \u1ed5ng m\u1edbi d\u00e1m l\u00e0m t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n. M\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ed5ng sau r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam, ai c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Trung k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 B\u1eafc k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 do \u0111\u00f3 sanh ra.\u201d<\/p>\n \u00c2m [v] trong t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u01b0\u1eddng-Vi\u1ec7t 2002 (6)<\/p>\n HH\u1ecfi qu\u00ed th\u1ea7y xong, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 h\u1ecfi ng\u00e0i M\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ch\u1ecb em ru\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt trong nh\u00e0; v\u1eeba l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ch quan \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc s\u1eed T\u00e0u s\u1eed Vi\u1ec7t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 hay ve vu\u1ed1t ai r\u00e1o tr\u1ecdi.<\/p>\n Truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u00c2u C\u01a1 (7) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i (ng\u01b0\u1eddi) M\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Vi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0i M\u01b0\u1eddng - h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 cu\u1ea3 ti\u00ean n\u1eef nai-\u0111\u1ed1m-sao \u00c2u C\u01a1, m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a vua H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u00e2n n\u1eeda kia c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t. \u00c2u C\u01a1 m\u1eb7c \u00e1o \u0111en, k\u1ebft duy\u00ean v\u1edb\u00ed Long Wang m\u1eb7c \u00e1o v\u00e0ng, con vua Y\u1ecbt Y\u00e0ng (Vi\u1ec7t V\u00e0ng). M\u1ed9t h\u00f4m Long Wang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chia tay \u201cta v\u1edbi n\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng\u201d. \u00c2u C\u01a1 d\u1eabn 50 con \u0111i v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai; Long Wang d\u1eabn 50 con \u0111i v\u1ec1 mi\u1ec1n s\u00f4ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhau sau ng\u00e0y chia tay \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n H\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00e0ng \u00c2u C\u01a1 c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u00f2i Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, n\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i cu\u1ea3 ng\u00e0i M\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb H\u00e1n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 abc ho\u00e1. Jeanne Cuisinier (8) \u1edf v\u00f9ng M\u01b0\u1eddng su\u1ed1t 15 n\u0103m c\u0169ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn M\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m [v].<\/p>\n Xem th\u1eed nh\u00f3m v\u1ea7n V, kho\u1ea3ng 68 ch\u1eef (6)<\/p>\n - C\u1ea3o n\u00ec ph\u00e1i vo x\u00e1t k\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi h\u00f4i = G\u1ea1o n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i vo x\u00e1t k\u1ef9 kh\u1ecfi h\u00f4i.<\/p>\n - C\u1ea3i \u00e0, l\u00e0 h\u1ebft wi\u00eac v\u0103t ch\u0169a? = Con \u00e0, l\u00e0m h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c v\u1eb7t ch\u01b0a?<\/p>\n - \u00d4ng Bi \u01b0a v\u1ee1 m\u00f5n h\u01a1n v\u1ee1 c\u00e1 = \u00d4ng Bi \u01b0a v\u1ee3 m\u1ecdn h\u01a1n v\u1ee3 c\u1ea3<\/p>\n - H\u00f5 nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u0103ng c\u1ecf ay l\u00e0 vua quan chi = H\u1ecd nh\u00e0 t\u00f4i ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 ai l\u00e0 vua quan chi.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ec9 qu\u00ed so\u1ea1n gi\u1ea3 m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111u\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi V th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i do k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Byi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb bao gi\u1edd. Tuy v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 V l\u1eabn B, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: vua-bua, vai-bai, v\u00f2i-b\u00f2i, v\u1ee1-b\u1ee1 (v\u1ee3), v\u1eady-b\u1eaby, v\u00e2y-b\u00e2y, v\u00f3c-b\u00f3c, v\u00f4-b\u00f4, v\u00fa-b\u00fa, v\u1eeba-b\u1eeba\u2026<\/p>\n M\u1edf qua v\u1ea7n W, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1eef gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1) gi\u1ecdng Trung s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 V, gi\u1ecdng Nam \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [w] ho\u1eb7c [b-y\u1edd]<\/p>\n - Con wac m\u00e0 ti \u0103n t\u00eam = Con v\u1ea1c m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0103n \u0111\u00eam<\/p>\n - Da w\u00e1i chi\u1ec1ng th\u1edd cho ho p\u1ee1i = Anh v\u00e1i b\u00e0n th\u1edd cho t\u00f4i v\u1edbi<\/p>\n - C\u1ea7m m\u1ea9y c\u1ea3i w\u00e1n n\u00ec w\u1ec1l cho \u1ee7n = C\u1ea7m m\u1ea5y c\u00e1i o\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 cho em.<\/p>\n - Da ch\u1edf c\u1ecf w\u1ebd chi\u1ec5n tha n\u01b0a = M\u00e0y \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 v\u1ebd chuy\u1ec7n ra n\u1eefa (Ch\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd: chi\u1ec5n = r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi gi\u1ecdng Nam = m\u00e0y \u0111\u1eebng nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec7ng).<\/p>\n - C\u1ea3i w\u00e0y way n\u00ec n\u1eb5ng kho\u00e1ng m\u00f4ch t\u00e3 = C\u00e1i v\u00f2i voi n\u00e0y n\u1eb7ng kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1.<\/p>\n R\u1ea5t ng\u1ed9 ngh\u0129nh, t\u1eeb c\u00e1i v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa voi, ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng\/T\u00e0y\/N\u00f9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u201ct\u00e0 p\u00f2i\u201d. P\u00f2i = c\u00e1i v\u00f2i c\u1ee7a b\u00e9 trai, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 p\u00e0 m\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb7n ri\u00eang cho p\u00e9 trai. P\u00e9 g\u00e1i c\u00f3 khi c\u1eb1n nh\u1eb1n ph\u00e2n b\u00ec sao con kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. P\u00f2i = b\u00f2i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ecb t\u1ed9c c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn qua \u00e2m kia. \u201cT\u00e0\u201d, m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i\/con \u1edf ti\u1ebfng Munda, Mon-Khmer, Hmong, M\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n M\u1edf qua v\u1ea7n B c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [b], gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc (v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1) gi\u1ecdng Trung \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 V, gi\u1ecdng Nam \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [b-y\u1edd]<\/p>\n b\u1ec9m thay = v\u00ed tay<\/p>\n b\u1ea3i ch\u00e0o = v\u00e1i ch\u00e0o<\/p>\n b\u00e0i t\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n = v\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n<\/p>\n ch\u1edf c\u1ea3i b\u00f4 l\u1ec9 = ch\u1edb c\u00e3i v\u00f4 l\u00ed<\/p>\n ti no m\u00e0 b\u1ed7i m\u00e0 b\u00e0ng = \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 v\u1ed9i m\u00e0 v\u00e0ng<\/p>\n m\u1ed9ch b\u1ee1 p\u00e0, pa b\u1ee1 thi\u00eap = m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 c\u1ea3, ba v\u1ee3 thi\u1ebfp (v\u1ee3 l\u1ebd)<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t theo B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c 1971 (10)<\/p>\n \u00d4ng B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i \u201cl\u00e0m cho ra l\u1ebd\u201d c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eef ngh\u0129a. \u0110i\u1ec1u ra l\u1ebd ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t cu\u1ea3 BNL\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 truy l\u00f9ng ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb h\u1ed3i ban s\u01a1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 theo d\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u1edf m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh ch\u1eef S.<\/p>\n Theo BNL\u1ed9c, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ea3y b\u1ed1n ch\u1eef Yit, l\u00e0 t\u00ean t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Yit. Khi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef, ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u Hoa H\u1ea1 ghi l\u1ea1i theo ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n - Ch\u1eef Yit \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00eanxu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng, kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 1000 \u0111\u1ebfn 2000 n\u0103m TTL, ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i r\u00ecu c\u00f3 tay c\u1ea7m - d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng Yit - khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa H\u1ea1 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng Yit \u1edf Hoa B\u1eafc, m\u1ea1n b\u1eafc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0.<\/p>\n - Ch\u1eef Yit th\u1ee9 hai \u7cb5\u0111u\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft th\u00eam h\u1ea1t th\u00f3c tr\u00ean c\u00e1i r\u00ecu, \u00fd n\u00f3i gi\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i r\u00ecu v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft tr\u1ed3ng l\u00faa n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu (722- 481 TTL). Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u1eef Yit n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 t\u1ec9nh Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng (c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t, chi Th\u00e1i-c\u1ed5 t\u1ee9c \u00c2u).<\/p>\n - Ch\u1eef Yit th\u1ee9 ba: T\u1ea9u + Tu\u1ea5t: \u8d70\u620c, mang ngh\u0129a 'V\u01b0\u1ee3t'. D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7ng Yit thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1m B\u00e1ch B\u1ed9c, L\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Tr\u00e3i, ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 chay xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1m Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf s\u1eb5n t\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf v\u00e0 xung quanh n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khu \u0110\u1ed9ng \u0110\u00ecnh H\u1ed3.<\/p>\n - Ch\u1eef Yit th\u1ee9 t\u01b0: T\u1ea9u + Qua (d\u00e1o m\u00e1c): \u8d8a, c\u0169ng v\u1eabn mang ngh\u0129a V\u01b0\u1ee3t, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1m U Vi\u1ec7t, L\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 Tr\u00e3i \u1edf mi\u1ec7t S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng, ph\u00eda Nam Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0.<\/p>\n Ch\u1eef V theo Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean 2007<\/p>\n Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7ng Y\u1ecbt \u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ef1c nam s\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed - l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc Trung Hoa (11a) - Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh su\u1ed1t h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd h\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 Yi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng s\u00f4ng H\u1ed3ng. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ecba b\u00e0n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a hai chi \u00c2u v\u00e0 L\u1ea1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh di t\u1ea3n xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam:<\/p>\n Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t g\u00f3p ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Thu\u1ea7n (12) Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean (11b) c\u00f3 v\u1ebb cho bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u1edbi h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 M\u00f4n-Khmer ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Th\u00e1i-c\u1ed5 (t\u1ee9c \u00c2u, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng) c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed1i \u0110a-\u0110\u1ea3o. Ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111an xen v\u1edbi l\u1edbp h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kh\u1ed1i B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Hoa Nam, t\u1eeb V\u00e2n Nam (\u0110i\u1ec1n Vi\u1ec7t) tr\u1ea3i qua Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng (T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t) cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Chi\u1ebft Giang (Ng\u00f4-Vi\u1ec7t), Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn - Tri\u1ec1u Ch\u00e2u (M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t), v\u00e0 H\u1ea3i Nam, v.v. V\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng hai nh\u00f3m t\u1eeb mi\u1ec1n c\u1ef1c B\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e0u, th\u1eddi Xu\u00e2n Thu th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng Di t\u1eadp trung \u1edf khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ec9nh S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai nh\u00f3m khi x\u01b0a \u01b0a s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i nhau: H\u1eb9 (Hakka, t\u1ee9c H\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t) v\u00e0 Mi\u00eau-Dao Miao-Yao hay Hmong-Mien).<\/p>\n Hai ch\u1eef \u201cVi\u1ec7t Nam\u201d, ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc Y\u1ecbt Nam<\/p>\n Nam B\u1ed9 x\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc Byi\u1ec7c Nam, nay \u0111\u1ecdc Yi\u1ec7c Nam<\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecdc Yueh Lam, ho\u1eb7c Yueh Nam<\/p>\n Thu\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i: Yue Ne<\/p>\n Quan Tho\u1ea1i: Yue Nan,<\/p>\n H\u1eb9 (Hakka): Yue Nam<\/p>\n S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng: Yue Nam<\/p>\n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n: Beto-nam<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00ec c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c t\u1ed5 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi xa x\u01b0a, h\u00f2an to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u00e2m n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn qua \u00e2m kia. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, theo s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1ed1ng nhau, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 xa x\u01b0a. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng v\u1edbi nhau. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh theo ki\u1ec3u \u2018C\u00e2y-v\u00e0-\u0110\u1ea5t\u2019, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi th\u1ee9 m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi \u2018C\u00e2y-v\u00e0-C\u00e0nh\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc. (11b)<\/p>\n Khi hay m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c g\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y g\u00ec? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y\u2026 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nhau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 khi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau? Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t, d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cVi\u1ec7t\u201d trong qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Yit-Yue-\u8d8a-Vi\u1ec7t:<\/strong><\/p>\n Yit, ch\u1eef Trung Hoa vi\u1ebft \u8d8a. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef Yit-Yue-\u8d8a-Vi\u1ec7t d\u00e0i kho\u1ea3ng 5000 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1eb3ng, t\u1eeb S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u0169i C\u00e0 Mau, trong g\u1ea7n 5000 n\u0103m (13).<\/p>\n \u8d8a\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong s\u00e1ch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Hoa, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 Yue l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng nu\u1edbc hay d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7ng Yue.<\/p>\n - Yit trong \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t \u750c\u8d8a,t\u1ee9c T\u00e2y \u00c2u<\/p>\n - Yit trong Vi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u01a1ng C\u00e2u Ti\u1ec5n \u8d8a\u738b\u53e5\u8e10 c\u00f3 n\u00e0ng T\u00e2y Thi, th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn Qu\u1ed1c, 496-465 TTL<\/p>\n - Yit trong Nam Vi\u1ec7t \u5357\u8d8a c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ec7u \u0110\u00e0, n\u0103m 257 TTL<\/p>\n - Yit trong M\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t \u95a9\u8d8a<\/p>\n - Yit trong U Vi\u1ec7t \u65bc\u8d8a,<\/p>\n - Yit trong D\u01b0\u01a1ng Vi\u1ec7t \u63da\u8d8a<\/p>\n - Yit trong \u0110\u00f4ng Vi\u1ec7t \u6771\u8d8a<\/p>\n - Yit trong S\u01a1n Vi\u1ec7t \u5c71\u8d8a<\/p>\n - Yit trong L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t \u96d2\u8d8a<\/p>\n - Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i C\u1ed3 Vi\u1ec7t \u5927\u53e5\u8d8a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 \u0110inh n\u0103m 968<\/p>\n - Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t \u5927\u8d8a c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 L\u00fd n\u0103m 1054,<\/p>\n - Qu\u1ed1c hi\u1ec7u Vi\u1ec7t Nam \u8d8a\u5357 th\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Nguy\u1ec5n Gia Long n\u0103m 1802.<\/p>\n - Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef \u7cb5\u8a9e. Nh\u01b0ng Vi\u1ec7t vi\u1ebft \u7cb5cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e0u c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c t\u1ed9c Y\u1ecbt ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb th\u1eddi x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn nh\u1edb \u00e2m ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Yit, v\u00e0 byua cu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1m Yit n\u00e0y l\u00e0 byua Yit Y\u00e0ng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 byua H\u00f9ng Wang. K\u00fd \u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb khi theo c\u00f4ng ch\u00faa Ng\u1ecdc V\u1ea1n n\u0103m 1623 \u0111i m\u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam v\u1eabn l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u1eef Yi\u1ec7c, Byi\u1ec7c. Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Yit c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Yi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoen trung gian v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1eaft x\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Khi Yit \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00f4ng ngh\u00e8 \u00f4ng c\u1ed1ng \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4 son c\u00e0i hoa thi\u00ean l\u00fd th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c \u1edf ch\u1ed1n w\u00ea m\u00f9a ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea9u v\u00f4 Nam tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean h\u1ed5ng c\u00f3 hay. S\u00f4ng P\u01a1 \u0110u\u00f4ng -c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00faa g\u1ea1o- bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u00f4ng \u0110u\u1ed1ng cho th\u1ea5yY\u1ecbt bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1m phi\u00eau l\u01b0u gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u00e2m c\u1ed5 x\u1ea3y ra d\u00e0i d\u00e0i. V\u00f9ng Pensylvania b\u00ean M\u1ef9 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1ch Nga qua \u00dac \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 v\u1eabn d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Nga th\u1eddi Nga Ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n \u00c2m [v] n\u01a1i l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng<\/p>\n Cho t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9, Trung Hoa, Nh\u1eadt, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Indonesia,Th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m [v]. Ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i, ti\u1ebfng \u1ea4n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00e2m h\u01a1i gi\u1ed1ng \u00e2m [w] trong ch\u1eef wind c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Anh. Gi\u1ed1ng ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t x\u01b0a, ti\u1ebfng Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean c\u0169ng c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00e2m [b]: bulgogil = b\u00f2 (th\u1ecbt), bae = c\u00e1i b\u00e8.<\/p>\n Ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng, Tri\u1ec1u Ti\u00ean, Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, L\u00e0o Th\u00e1i, Khmer, Ch\u00e0m, T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u201cb\u1edd-y\u1edd\u201d - d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng [p-\u1ef3\u01a1] - v\u1edbi b hay p \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eb9 v\u00e0 nhanh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Trung t\u1eeb Qui Nh\u01a1n-Tuy Ho\u00e0 tr\u1edf v\u00f4 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u201cb\u1edd-y\u1edd.\u201d Tuy t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Ch\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ghi \u00e2m \u201cb\u1edd-y\u1edd\u201d, nh\u01b0ng ghi hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi khoa b\u1ea3ng, \u00e2m \u201cb\u1edd-y\u1edd\u201d v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o l\u01b0u, v\u00ec b\u00e0 con \u00edt khi d\u00f2m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n. Nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00e3i nhau lo\u1ea1n x\u1ea1, d\u00e2n l\u00e0nh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i t\u1ec9nh b\u01a1, nh\u01b0 y\u1ee5 om s\u00f2m v\u1ec1 con chim L\u1ea1c, v\u1ec1 L\u1ea1c V\u01b0\u01a1ng\/H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc 75 \u1edf Saigon. \u00cdt l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i v\u0103n ho\u00e1\/l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u hay, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o c\u00f3 b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u0103n hi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n \u00c2m [v] \u1edf trong Nam<\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Byi\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0ng Trong, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam b\u1ed9 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9 thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, l\u1ea1i c\u1ea7m c\u1ef1 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m w, b-\u1ef3\u01a1.<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi \u00f4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i, c\u00f3 phong tr\u00e0o h\u1ecdc abc, \u201cCh\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ch\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc ta con c\u00e1i nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc\u201d. \u00d4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i x\u00fai phe t\u00f3c d\u00e0i k\u00e9o phe h\u00fai cua h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef theo ki\u1ec3u L\u01b0u B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u01a1ng L\u1ec5, n\u1ebfu ch\u01b0a thi \u0111\u1ed7 th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f2ng \u201cR\u1ed3i c\u00e1c c\u00f4 h\u1eb9n nhau, r\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau, h\u1ec5 c\u00e1c c\u1eadu, c\u1eadu n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00fang th\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u00f4 h\u00e3y cho b\u01b0ng tr\u1ea7u r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0; c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng, th\u00ec \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecd \u0111i cho r\u1ea3nh\u201d.<\/p>\n M\u1ea5y c\u1ed5 \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00f4 hay \u0111u\u1ed5i ra, ai m\u00e0 pi\u1ebfc. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam y\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef abc ngon l\u00e0nh h\u1ebft pi\u1ebfc nh\u01b0 \u00f4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i vi\u1ebft \u201cTrong khi \u1ea5y th\u00ec ngo\u00e0i Trung, B\u1eafc k\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi An Nam ta \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f2n n\u1eb1m s\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng, c\u1ea5n b\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean v\u00e1n, du\u1ed7i c\u1eb3ng d\u00e0i \u0111u\u1ed9t \u0111u\u1ed9t m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft ch\u1eef H\u00e1n, t\u1eeb b\u1eadc \u00f4ng C\u1ed1ng \u00f4ng Ngh\u00e8 cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fa Tr\u00f9m trong x\u00f3m c\u0169ng v\u1eady.<\/p>\n K\u1ec3 c\u00e1i c\u00f4ng t\u1eadp t\u00e0nh ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cho quen v\u00e0 r\u1ea3i r\u1eafc n\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t r\u1ed9ng ra, \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 cho x\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i x\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cho c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n An Nam, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 h\u00e3y nh\u1edb, x\u1ee9 Nam k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef cho d\u00e2n An Nam! \u201c<\/p>\n \u1ed4ng n\u00f3i d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1y VI\u1ebeT. Ngu\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam, th\u1eddi \u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd, Hu\u1ef3nh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a, hay \u1edf ch\u1ed7 vi\u1ebft v\u1eabn tr\u00fang ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn n\u00f3i gi\u1ecdng Nam b\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c gi\u1ecdng Byi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00e2m [b-y\u1edd], d\u00f9 c\u00f4 S\u00e1u mang thu\u1ef7 xo\u00e0n m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n sa teeng hay ch\u00fa Ba p\u00e1n p\u00e1nh p\u00f2 p\u00f4ng. H\u1ed3i gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00f4i m\u1edbi di c\u01b0 v\u00e0o Nam 1954, v\u1eabn nghe b\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ch\u00f2m x\u00f3m la om \u201c\u00dac, m\u00e0y l\u00e0m gi\u1ed1ng g\u00ec ngo\u1ea3i, h\u1ed5ng y\u00eca cho em b\u00fa, n\u00f3 nh\u00e8 ngo\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i by\u00fa n\u00e8\u2026\u201d Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1980-90, tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn ph\u00e0 Ch\u00e2u-\u0111\u1ed1c \u2013 Nam-Vang, l\u1eabn trong ti\u1ebfng v\u00f5ng \u0111\u01b0a gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00e1m b\u1ea1n h\u00e0ng, v\u1eb3ng ti\u1ebfng ru em \u0111\u1eabm m\u00e0u Nam B\u1ed9, r\u1ea5t \u201c\u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1eafc m\u1eb7t b\u1eaft l\u1ed7i \u201cn\u00f3i\u201dsai\u2026 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3:<\/p>\n \u0110i \u0111\u00e2u cho th\u00edp theo c\u00f9ng 1. \u1ede t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t, Yi\u1ec7c, hay Byi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea7n V, W, B. L\u00fd do: v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1651, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 An Nam.<\/p>\n 2. \u0110\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Taberd, tr\u00e0o vua Gia Long, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam=Regnum Anamiticum<\/p>\n 3. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n M\u01b0\u1eddng Vi\u1ec7t ghi ch\u1eef Y\u1ecbt \u1edf v\u1ea7n D = D\u1ecbt. S\u1eed thi truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u \u0110\u1ebb \u0110\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebb N\u01b0\u1edbc (9) c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cn\u00f3i\u201d byua Y\u1ecbt Y\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi k\u00fd \u00e2m abc l\u1ea1i \u201cvi\u1ebft\u201d vua D\u1ecbt D\u00e0ng. N\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ch\u1eef D\u1ecbt \u0111\u00f3 theo gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t khoen n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa Y\u1ecbt - Yi\u1ec7c - Vi\u1ec7t. Th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng n\u00f3i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau, ngay th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u ch\u1eef Y\u1ecbt - Yi\u1ec7c - Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n 4. Ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c x\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, n\u01a1i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1m t\u00e2n t\u00f2ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nghe theo l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef abc v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi khu\u00f4n vi\u00ean nh\u00e0 th\u1edd. Ngu\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u1ebd qu\u00e1 h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef abc n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3<\/p>\n - th\u1eb3ng tay lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m nh\u01b0: bl, tl, ml, kl, b-\u1ef3\u01a1, w<\/p>\n - tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u00e2m [v] coi nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n<\/p>\n 5. Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Nam B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Byi\u1ec7c. Khi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y so\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng Nam B\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 mi\u1ec1n Nam. Tuy v\u1eady, ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam B\u1ed9 \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y ch\u1eef abc. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ecdng Nam l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho l\u00e0\u2026sai. V\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam l\u00e2u d\u1ea7n c\u0169ng tin t\u01b0\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00ec t\u1eeb \u00f4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u00f4ng B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u cho l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ebfng B\u1eafc tr\u00fang h\u01a1n\u201d d\u00f9 gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc c\u0169ng \u201cn\u00f3i\u201d sai t\u00f9m lum t\u00e0 la v\u1edbi ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u201cn\u00e1i xe nam neo n\u00ean n\u1ec1 n\u1ea1ng qua n\u1ea1ng n\u1ea1i n\u1eadt nu\u00f4n\/l\u00e1i xe lam leo l\u00ean l\u1ec1 l\u1ea1ng qua l\u1ea1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1eadt lu\u00f4n\u201d .<\/p>\n 6. D\u01b0 lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng Nam B\u1ed9 \u201cl\u1eabn t v\u1edbi c, l\u1eabn c\u00f3 g v\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng g, l\u1eabn d\u1ea5u ng\u00e3 v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u h\u1ecfi\u201d ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc \u201csai\u201d khi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t s\/x, ch\/tr, n\/l, r\/d\/gi\u2026\u0110\u1ed1t c\u00e1i d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u1ea5y \u0111i!<\/p>\n V\u00ec gi\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc h\u1ed3i \u0111\u00f3 (v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd) kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh t\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c pha tr\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 d\u1ea5u\/gi\u1ecdng ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft: cho m\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eddi nh\u00e0 Tr\u1ea7n, t\u1ea1i x\u1ee9 Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi ch\u1ee7ng thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi ch\u1ee7ng Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi n\u00e0o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong kh\u1ed1i B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t. M\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m chi trong B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau cho gi\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng Vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y nay. S\u00e1ch v\u1edf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c sau 1975 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 54 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t VN. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ngu\u1eddi Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ed3i n\u00e0o t\u1edbi gi\u1edd l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb, ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf th\u1eddi gian c\u1ed9ng c\u01b0.<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ch\u1eef \u201cva\u201d (\u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [Ya]) = th\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea3\/g\u00e3 n\u1ecd\/anh ta, th\u1eddi \u00f4ng H\u1ed3 Bi\u1ec3u Ch\u00e1nh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong Nam. Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean :<\/p>\n * ph\u00e1t \u00e2m [Ya] hay [b\u1edd ya] hay [ba], gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Hakka [za], M\u00e3 Lai [Dia] hay [Ia], Tagalog [niya], Sinhalese [Eya], v\u00e0 Polynesian [Ia] (11a), B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Thu\u1ea7n (12) cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i l\u00e0ng \u1edf g\u1ea7n nhau m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u0169ng kh\u00e1c. Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Tuy v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0 \u1edf Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 27 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n nhau. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfng Tagalog \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh \u1edf th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng hay di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n ch\u00e1nh tr\u1ecb. Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1edf ng\u1eafn than d\u00e0i v\u00ec sai bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 phong t\u1ee5c, l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 di\u1ec7t vong. \u1ede Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e1m ng\u01b0\u1eddi R\u1ee5c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ngu\u1ed3n (14) m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1i c\u1ed5 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfng n\u00e0o hay ti\u1ebfng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1n ngh\u00ec \u01a1n t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n N\u0103m 223 TTL khi T\u1ea7n Thu\u1ef7 Ho\u00e0ng g\u1ed3m th\u00e2u s\u00e1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc S\u1edf ti\u00eau t\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft. D\u00e2n ch\u1ea1y tan t\u00e1c. S\u1ed1 \u1edf l\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. Sau bao c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng, \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Massachusetts Amherst ch\u1ec9 s\u01b0u t\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u2026 5 ch\u1eef (15).<\/p>\n Ri\u00eang Yit, Byi\u1ec7c, Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n 5000 n\u0103m, tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i t\u1eeb th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean m\u00eanh m\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00f4ng d\u00e0i n\u00fai r\u1ed9ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t s\u00f3ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng o\u00e1i o\u0103m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, cho th\u1ea5y qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i trong ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n V\u01b0\u1eddn n\u00e0o hoa n\u1ea5y<\/strong><\/p>\n C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang sai trong \u00e2m V. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m v, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1ecdng Nam \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2m tr.<\/p>\n B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3m l\u1eb7t l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho th\u1eafc m\u1eafc ch\u1eef V: ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 sau, c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam \u0111\u00e3 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t \u00e2m c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Yi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb 5000 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc abc: Byi\u1ec7t, Byi\u1ec7c, Yi\u1ec7t, Yi\u1ec7c. Vi\u1ebft theo abc l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t. Vi\u1ebft c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i, Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 Di\u1ec7t hay Dzi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Ghi ch\u00fa<\/strong><\/p>\n (1)Phan Kh\u00f4i (1887-1959)\/Ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef http:\/\/www.talawas.org\/talaDB\/showFile.php?res=5465&rb=06<\/p>\n \u00d4ng Phan Kh\u00f4i th\u1ea5y b\u00e1o ch\u00ed vi\u1ebft sai ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3, \u00f4ng s\u00f3t sa \u201ckh\u00f4n ng\u0103n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5y s\u1ee5t s\u00f9i\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u201cch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u1edf Nam k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 vi\u1ebft sai b\u1eady b\u1ea1 h\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00f4ng l\u00e0m b\u00e1o b\u1eadc ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i\u201d.<\/p>\n (2) Chinh Ph\u1ee5 Ng\u00e2m, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0110\u1eb7ng Tr\u1ea7n C\u00f4n (1715-1745) ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng M\u1ecdc, huy\u1ec7n Thanh Tr\u00ec, t\u1ec9nh H\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch N\u00f4m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1eef s\u0129 \u0110o\u00e0n Th\u1ecb \u0110i\u1ec3m (1705-1748), ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0ng Giai Ph\u1ea1m, huy\u1ec7n V\u0103n L\u00e2m, t\u1ec9nh H\u01b0ng Y\u00ean, kho\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1p B\u1eafc Ninh.<\/p>\n (3) Ph\u1ee5ng Nghi\/100 N\u0103m Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, NXB V\u0103n Ngh\u1ec7 1999, California<\/p>\n (4) T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-B\u1ed3-La, Alexandre. De Rhodes, Dictionarivm Annnamiticvm \u2013 Lusitanvm \u2013 Latinvm, so\u1ea1n cho \u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1edf La M\u00e3 n\u0103m 1651, Vi\u1ec7n Khoa H\u1ecdc X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i\/HCM t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1991.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n Vi\u1ec7t-La Tinh Taberd, Dictionarium Anamitico-Latinum, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n sau khi n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0110\u00e0ng Trong\/\u0110\u00e0ng Ngo\u00e0i, in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Bengale (\u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9) n\u0103m 1838, t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n 2004, NXB V\u0103n H\u1ecdc\/Trung T\u00e2m Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u Qu\u1ed1c H\u1ecdc, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i v\u00e0 TPHCM.<\/p>\n (5) Ho\u00e0ng Xu\u00e2n Vi\u1ec7t\/T\u00ecm Hi\u1ec3u L\u1ecbch S\u1eed Ch\u1eef Qu\u1ed1c Ng\u1eef, Nguy\u1ec5n Minh Ti\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh, NXB V\u0103n Ho\u00e1 Th\u00f4ng Tin 2007<\/p>\n (6) Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Khang (ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean), B\u00f9i Ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0ngV\u0103n H\u00e0nh , NXB V\u0103n ho\u00e1 D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c (2002).<\/p>\n (7) T\u00ean \u00c2u C\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 Vi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1. T\u00ean M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 Ngu C\u01a1. Ngu C\u01a1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1ng s\u0129 H\u1ea1ng V\u00f5 trong tu\u1ed3ng \u201cH\u1ea1ng V\u00f5 bi\u1ec7t Ngu C\u01a1\u201d<\/p>\n (8) Jeanne Cuisinier, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 La Danse Sacr\u00e9e en Indochine et en Indon\u00e9sia [M\u00faa thi\u00eang \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 Indonesia] v\u00e0 Les M\u01b0\u01a1ng, Geographie Humaine et Sociologie (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0110\u1ecba L\u00fd Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n v\u00e0 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i H\u1ecdc), Universit\u00e9 de Paris, 1946,<\/p>\n (9) \u0110\u1ebb \u0110\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ebb N\u01b0\u1edbc, NXB V\u0103n H\u1ecdc \u2013 H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i 1976<\/p>\n (10) B\u00ecnh Nguy\u00ean L\u1ed9c (1914-1987) t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed1n Ngu\u1ed3n G\u1ed1c M\u00e3 Lai c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 L\u1ed9t Tr\u1ea7n Vi\u1ec7t Ng\u1eef xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1971 v\u00e0 1972 \u1edf Saigon, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n d\u00e0i d\u00e0i \u1edf h\u1ea3i ngo\u1ea1i, tuy v\u1eady c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm. Hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 tr\u00ean http:\/\/www.talawas.org<\/p>\n (11) Nguy\u00ean Nguy\u00ean<\/p>\n a. Th\u1eed \u0110\u1ecdc L\u1ea1i Truy\u1ec1n Thuy\u1ebft H\u00f9ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng\/tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u trang net.<\/p>\n b. http:\/\/www.khoahoc.net\/baivo\/nguyennguyen\/120707-quangtri.htm<\/p>\n c. Loan Words and Metaphorical Field (t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u)<\/p>\n (12) Tr\u1ea7n H\u1eefu Thu\u1ea7n\/Ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng Tr\u1ecb\/Talawas 6\/2007:<\/p>\n http:\/\/www.talawas.org\/talaDB\/showFile.php?res=10168&rb=06<\/p>\n (13) 5000 n\u0103m n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00fac l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5 Xuy V\u01b0u l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e1m C\u1eedu L\u00ea \u0111\u00e1nh nhau v\u1edbi Hi\u00ean Vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Hoa H\u1ea1 \u1edf tr\u1eadn Tr\u00e1c L\u1ed9c n\u0103m 2879. Trong L\u0129nh Nam Ch\u00edch Qu\u00e1i, Xuy V\u01b0u l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt huy\u1ec1n s\u1eed. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea1i H\u00e0n, d\u00e2n HMong th\u1edd \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh t\u1ed5. H\u1ecd c\u00f2n ghi d\u1ea5u chi\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u01a1i \u00f4ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea7u. D\u00e2n Trung Hoa b\u00e2y gi\u1edd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn \u00f4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 (Xuy V\u01b0u, Hi\u00ean vi\u00ean, Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng).<\/p>\n Theo \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t S\u1eed K\u00fd To\u00e0n Th\u01b0, k\u1ef7 nh\u00e0 L\u00fd, n\u0103m 1160, m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n th\u00e1ng gi\u00eang, vua L\u00fd Anh T\u00f4ng cho x\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Hai B\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Xuy V\u01b0u \u1edf ph\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ed1 C\u00e1i. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u01b0u v\u1ebft t\u00edch g\u00ec ch\u0103ng.<\/p>\n (14) Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Cung\/Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh Ch\u00edn Tr\u0103m N\u0103m Nh\u00ecn L\u1ea1i (1075-1975) NXB Nh\u1eadt L\u1ec7 2006<\/p>\n (15) http:\/\/www.umass.edu\/wsp\/results\/languages\/chu\/lexicon.html<\/p>\n (16) Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Nguy\u1ec5n Thi\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1p, http:\/\/ngonngu.net\/index.php?p=309:<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd sinh ng\u00e0y 6\/12\/1836 t\u1ea1i th\u00f4n C\u00e1i M\u01a1n, x\u00e3 V\u0129nh Th\u00e0nh, huy\u1ec7n T\u00e2n Minh, t\u1ec9nh V\u0129nh Long. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef nho, ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00e1i Nhum tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Campuchia h\u1ecdc ch\u1eef Latin. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1851 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1858, \u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1o Pinang thu\u1ed9c \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 D\u01b0\u01a1ng, r\u1ed3i qua Ph\u00e1p, T\u00e2y Ban Nha, B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha, \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00dd. Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng minh, uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00f3i gi\u1ecfi 15 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y v\u00e0 12 th\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i khoa h\u1ecdc: H\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc mi\u1ec1n T\u00e2y n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p, H\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean n\u00f3i c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng, H\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean kh\u1ea3o v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba l\u00ed h\u1ecdc Paris,... \u0110\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng th\u1ee9 17 trong danh s\u00e1ch \u201cTo\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u1eadp b\u00e1t v\u0103n h\u00e0o\u201d. \u00d4ng m\u1ea5t ng\u00e0y 01\/9\/1898, th\u1ecd 62 tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng 118 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n \u0111ang d\u1edf dang.<\/p>\n Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 S\u01a1n Nam trong V\u0103n Minh Mi\u1ec7t V\u01b0\u1eddn, khi Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd \u0111i h\u1ecdc \u1edf Poulo Penang (M\u00e3 Lai), \u00f4ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em v\u1ec1 cho C\u00e1i M\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2y tr\u00e1i m\u1edbi. C\u00e1i M\u01a1n sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u01b0\u1eddn g\u00e2y c\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng cho V\u0129nh Long, C\u1ea7n Th\u01a1, Sa \u0110\u00e9c, M\u1ef9 Tho\u2026t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 ph\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u1eadp n\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh mi\u1ec7t v\u01b0\u1eddn. Qu\u00ed b\u00e0 qu\u00ed c\u00f4 m\u00ea s\u1ea7u ri\u00eang, bo\u00f2ng boong, m\u0103ng c\u1ee5t, ch\u00f4m ch\u00f4m, v\u00fa s\u1eefa\u2026 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd.<\/p>\n B\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng Tr\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0129nh K\u00fd m\u1eb7c \u00e1o d\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed9i kh\u0103n, tay c\u1ea7m cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, do d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1908, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng l\u00ean n\u0103m 1927 \u1edf c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean g\u1ea7n dinh \u0110\u1ed9c L\u1eadp, Saigon. S\u00e1ng n\u00e0o ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111i h\u1ecdc ngang c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u00f4ng. Sau 1975 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 xu\u1ed1ng. Theo m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fa Ho\u1ea3 nay bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh Vi\u1ec7n B\u1ea3o T\u00e0ng \u1edf Saigon.<\/p>\n Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh C\u1ee7a (1834\u20131908), ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c B\u00e0 R\u1ecba. \u00d4ng so\u1ea1n \u0110\u1ea1i Nam qu\u1ea5c \u00e2m t\u1ef1 v\u1ecb 1210 trang trong b\u1ed1n n\u0103m. \u00d4ng c\u00f2n vi\u1ebft: Ph\u00e9p to\u00e1n (S\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc) (1867); Ph\u00e9p \u0111o (H\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc) (1867); Gia l\u1ec5 (1886); S\u00e1ch B\u00e1c h\u1ecdc s\u01a1 gi\u1ea3i (1887); T\u1ee5c ng\u1eef, c\u1ed5 ng\u1eef, gia ng\u00f4n (1897); Th\u01b0 m\u1eb9 d\u1ea1y con (1913). S\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed: Chuy\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i bu\u1ed3n (in l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1886 v\u00e0 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u0103m 1904); C\u00e2u h\u00e1t g\u00f3p (1904); V\u0103n Doan di\u1ec5n ca (1906). S\u00e1ch \u201cB\u1ed5n c\u0169 so\u1ea1n l\u1ea1i\u201d hay ph\u1ecfng d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u1ecdc Trung Hoa: Quan \u00e2m di\u1ec5n ca (in l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m n\u0103m 1930); T\u1ed1ng T\u1eed V\u0103n (1904); B\u1ea1ch Vi\u00ean T\u00f4n C\u00e1c (1906); Chi\u00eau Qu\u00e2n c\u1ed1ng H\u1ed3 (1906); T\u1ed1ng T\u1eed V\u01b0u truy\u1ec7n (1907).<\/p>\n H\u1ecd Hu\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef i ng\u1eafn, v\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch v\u1edf khi nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng i ng\u1eafn nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u1eef i ng\u1eafn n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m b\u00fat c\u00f3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ef1oc g\u1ee3i \u00fd t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 3 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, khi nghe th\u1eafc m\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nam th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nam g\u1eedi \u0111\u00e0i ph\u00e1t thanh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u201ct\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean ph\u00e1t \u00e2m gi\u1ecdng Nam ch\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh Yi\u1ec7t Nam, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, nghe h\u1ed5ng kh\u00e1\u201d. \u201cKh\u00f4n Ng\u0103n Ch\u00e2u L\u1ee5y S\u1ee5t S\u00f9i\u201d Th\u1ea7y c\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n d\u1eady ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t khi h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 h\u1ecfi c\u0169ng b\u00ed l\u00f9 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang\/sai \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i s\u00e9m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u00f4n\u2026 ch\u00e1nh t\u1ea3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1eabn \u201cvi\u1ebft sai\u201d ch\u00ednh t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mi\u1ec1n Nam. Th\u1eadt ra gi\u1ecdng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u1edf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc hay b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n c\u0169ng \u201cn\u00f3i sai\u201d linh \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 s\/x, ch\/tr, n\/l, r\/d\/gi\u2026 d\u00f9 gi\u1ecdng H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean cho l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00ednh k\u00e8m ch\u1ee9ng minh. \u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u1ed9 ngh\u0129nh, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 tuy\u1ec7t tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1eady m\u00e0 v\u1eabn ch\u1ecbu ti\u1ebfng \u201csai\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ebft h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb kia – \u1edf v\u00f9ng t\u00f4i – tranh c\u00e3i \u201ckh\u00f4n ng\u0103n ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5y s\u1ee5t s\u00f9i\u201d […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6519","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-suu-tam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6519","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6519"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6519\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6519"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6519"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6519"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u00c2m [v] tru\u1edbc th\u1eddi qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef abc<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nT\u00ecnh trong gi\u1ea5c m\u1ed9ng mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng!
\nVui c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng ch\u1eb3ng d\u1ee9t.
\nV\u1ed1n theo ch\u00e0ng gi\u1edd kh\u1eafc n\u00e0o ngu\u00f4i!<\/p>\n
\n\u0110\u00f3i no th\u00edp chi\u1ec7u l\u1eb7n l\u00f9ng th\u00edp cam
\nY\u00ed y\u1ea7u t\u00ecn c\u00f3 y\u1edf yang
\nTh\u00ec cho th\u00edp g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f2 ngang th\u00edp b-y\u1ec1.
\nY\u00ed y\u1ea7u t\u00ecn b\u00e9eng yi\u00eang th\u1ec1
\nTh\u00ec cho th\u00edp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n ngh\u00ec tr\u00fac mai<\/p>\n
\n\u0110\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh ngo\u1ea1i h\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a \u00c2m [v]<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n* gi\u1ecdng Nam n\u00f3i YA v\u00ec c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c Mon-Khmer v\u00e0 \u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o. Gi\u1ecdng B\u1eafc n\u00f3i VA v\u00ec ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn\/h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng\/ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 hai, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u1eb9 Hakka.
\n* Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hakka l\u00e0 nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc. Hakka cho c\u1ea3 hai \u00e2m [za] v\u00e0 [v]. \u00c2m [v] l\u00e0 \u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hakka thay cho \u00e2m W c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa \u1edf c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c ph\u00eda trong k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 B\u1eafc D\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u1eed (ti\u1ebfng B\u1eafc Kinh). V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hakka c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c \u1edf mi\u1ec7t S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng n\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0u \u1edf S\u01a1n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u00e2m [v] thay cho \u00e2m W \u1edf ti\u1ebfng quan tho\u1ea1i\/B\u1eafc Kinh (11b).<\/p>\n
\n\u0110\u1ec1n ngh\u00ec tr\u00fac mai<\/strong><\/p>\n
\nTr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb V\u0129nh T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/strong><\/p>\n