{"id":6511,"date":"2012-06-09T08:10:29","date_gmt":"2012-06-09T01:10:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/lamthien.byethost24.com\/?p=6511"},"modified":"2012-06-09T08:10:29","modified_gmt":"2012-06-09T01:10:29","slug":"dai-tu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/?p=6511","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i (and T\u1edb): th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f4i l\u00e0 TUI - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfng Nam b\u1ed9, theo lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m gi\u1eefa [u][\u00f4], nh\u01b0 trong \u2018Kung-Fu\u2019C\u00f4ng Phu: Quan tho\u1ea1i Gong\/Cung (bow), Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ung\/\u00d4ng, t\u00f9ng\/tong = t\u00f9ng chinh\/t\u00f2ng chinh, th\u00fai\/th\u1ed1i..<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n Annamite-Portuguese-Latin c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes [3], cho r\u1eb1ng \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019, \u2018\u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb\u2019, \u2018t\u00f4i t\u1edb\u2019, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb T\u00f4i v\u00e0 T\u1edb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ng\u00e0y nay trong ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb [Toi] {\u5113}. Phi\u00ean \u00e2m Quan Tho\u1ea1i cho [toi] c\u00f3 2 c\u00e1ch: [tai-2] v\u00e0 [dai-4], c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019, hay \u2018\u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb\u2019, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Quan tho\u1ea1i [tai dai]. Th\u1eadt ra \u2019T\u1edb\u2019 c\u00f3 \u00e2m r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb [tsut] hay [su] trong ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9, v\u00e0 [zeot] hay [syu] Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e0\u8c4e hay \u5352, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019. Tuy v\u1eady, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb [Tub] trong ti\u1ebfng Hmong c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 \u2019T\u1edb\u2019, \u201cb\u2019 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m cao gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u s\u1eafc trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng, \u201cKh\u1ecfi\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018T\u00f4i\u201d v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a: T\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes c\u00f3 ghi ch\u00fa l\u00e0 \u2018T\u1edb\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng khi gi\u1eadn d\u1eef: \u2018T\u1edb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m chi ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u2019. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb hay quan h\u1ec7 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e2u tr\u00ean, T\u1edb, n\u00f3i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i gi\u1eadn d\u1eef.<\/p>\n

[tseoi] \u4f59 trong ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi \u2018T\u00f4i\u2019, d\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m [tseoi] trong ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Ng\u00f4 (Tri\u1ebft Giang) \u0111\u1ecdc [Y] {[I]}, r\u1ea7t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u01a1n \u00e2m cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t (coi b\u1ea3ng I). \u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng, \u2018T\u00f4i\u2019 \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 \u2018Th\u00f4i\u2019 v\u1edbi \u00e2m h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7: ng\u00e0y nay M\u1ed7 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thay cho t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc.. M\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi [mau] trong ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Hu\u00ecnh T\u1ecbnh Paulus C\u1ee7a [4] li\u1ec7t k\u00ea\u67d0 [mou] c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018min, t\u00f4i\u2019 (I), ho\u1eb7c \u2018t\u00ean n\u1ecd, t\u00ean kia\u2019 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed1ng khi kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 t\u00ean h\u1ecd. \u00c2m [mou] Quan tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u201cn\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i\u201d. Ch\u1eef k\u00e9p [mo lian] \u78e8 \u7ec3, v\u1edbi [mo] r\u1ea7t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u00e2m [m\u1ed7] c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u00e8n, luy\u1ec7n s\u1eaft\/t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ecbch qua ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u2018t\u00f4i luy\u1ec7n\u2019, cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 l\u00fac trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u2018M\u1ed7\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018T\u00f4i\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua l\u1ea1i l\u1eabn nhau<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eef m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 [ma luy\u1ec7n] ch\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c H\u00e1n Vi\u1ec7t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi t\u1eeb Quan Tho\u1ea1i [mo lian] m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng-Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u2018T\u00f4i\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018M\u1ed7. Trong \u0111o\u1ea1n \u2018nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qua kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch' trong b\u00e0i [2], ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng nhau d\u00f9 \u1edf hai \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t xa nhau, M\u1ed7 c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u2018Moi\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

M\u00ecnh: trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 v\u00e0i n\u01a1i \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [Mi\u1ec1nh]. H\u1ed3i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [M\u1ec1nh] hay [Min] [3]. M\u00ecnh c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi [mi] \u5fae c\u1ee7a H\u1eb9, [mei] Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfng Anh [me]. C\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, M\u00ecnh d\u00f9ng cho (th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh) [23]. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Trong T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes [3], M\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ea1 v\u1ecb cao h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 M\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng: M\u00ecnh \u01a1i, m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

M\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi [Ming] v\u00e0 [*minqu] trong ti\u1ebfng Mon-Khmer.<\/p>\n

Ta\/Tao: R\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u2018Ta\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018Tao\u2019 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef trong ng\u1eef h\u1ec7 Mon-Khmer. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi 't\u00f4i' b\u1eb1ng [Tjano] ho\u1eb7c [Tjama], tu\u1ef3 theo ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nam hay n\u1eef. [Tjano] v\u00e0 [Tjama] c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u2018Ta\u2018. Ch\u1eef ch\u00ednh trong ti\u1ebfng Champa cho \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 [Tahl\u0103]. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u2018Ta\u2018 c\u00f3 \u00e2m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi H\u1eb9 [Tsa] \u54b1 , Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng [Zaa] v\u00e0 [Saa] [5], Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn [Sa] \u6d12, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ta\/Tao. Trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u chi Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, [Zaa] \u54b1 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [gau] t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m [C\u00e2u] c\u1ee7a T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng ch\u1ec9 \u2018Ta\u2018 ho\u1eb7c \u2018Tao\u2018, Boong C\u00e2u = B\u1ecdn Tao.<\/p>\n

Theo Hayes [6], \u2018tao\u2019 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Mon-Khmer [saqu]. R\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u2018Tao\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai \u00e2m \u2018Ta\u2019 (hay T\u00f4i) v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o \u2018Au\u2019 cho Ta\/Tao\u201d (coi b\u1ea3ng I).<\/p>\n

Qua: \u2018Qua\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb Nam B\u1ed9. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i c\u00e1ch xa nhau. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u00f2ng l\u00e0 \u2018Qua\u2019 hay \u2018Wa\u2019 cho \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u2018T\u00f4i\/ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\/Ta\u2018, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u2018Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i\/ch\u00fang ta\u2018<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn\/H\u1ea3i Nam, [gua] \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u2018T\u00f4i\u2018. Ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p c\u1ea3 2 \u201cWa\u201d v\u00e0 \u2018Ta\u2019 = Watashi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u2018Qua\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c trong h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Mon-Khmer [6]: *aku, *nqua, *iqua, *inquan, vv\u2026<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u2018Anh\u2019, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i l\u00e0 anh l\u1edbn hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u1eeb [?\u0259nh] hay [\u0103nh] hay [?inh] trong Mon-Khmer \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u2018T\u00f4i\u2018, [enh] trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng, \u2018Ani\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, hay xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u2018a\u00een\u00e9\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng cho Ta\/Tao l\u00e0 [Ho], c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 [Hou] \u4e88, T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng l\u00e0 [H\u00e2y]. [Ho] M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng [o] Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1t \u00e2m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a [ngo] \u6211 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Ph\u1ed5 Th\u00f4ng (Trung Hoa) l\u00e0 [Wo] cho \u2018Ta\/Tao\u2019 [15]. \u2018O\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a \u2018b\u00e0 c\u00f4\u2019 (aunt) hay c\u00f4 g\u00e1i (miss), c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1eef [o] n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

... \u0110\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai cho th\u1ea5y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh trong li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, in h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng M\u00f4n-Khmer hay nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c trong v\u00f9ng. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb Ta\/Tao, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 danh t\u1eeb n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0 con hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean: Anh\/Em, \u00d4ng\/B\u00e0, C\u00f4\/Ch\u00fa, \u00f4ng N\u1ed9i\/\u00f4ng Ngo\u1ea1i, b\u00e0 N\u1ed9i\/b\u00e0 Ngo\u1ea1i [8] v.v\u2026.<\/p>\n

Theo Gilbert v\u00e0 Hang [7], ti\u1ebfng Khmer c\u00f3 t\u1edbi 17 ch\u1eef d\u00f9ng cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai, tu\u1ef3 theo li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb, ti\u1ebfng d\u00e0nh cho cha l\u00e0 [bpaa], cho ch\u00fa l\u00e0 [bpuu]. C\u1ea3 hai ti\u1ebfng Khmer v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t gi\u1ed1ng nhau, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng [2], [Bhpaa] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cha v\u00e0 [Bpuu] ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018Ch\u00fa' theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi em ru\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a cha, c\u00f2n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng (c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng) l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng cha m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Anh trai c\u1ee7a cha g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1eef \u2018Ba\u2019. Cha v\u00e0 Ch\u00fa c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ho\u1eb7c [Bpaa] v\u00e0 [Bpuu] nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Khmer. \u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd B\u00e1c v\u00e0 C\u1eadu r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi [Baak] v\u00e0 [Kau] trong ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, trong khi \u2018Ch\u00fa\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 g\u1ed9p chung c\u00e1c \u00e2m [Bpuu] Cambodia, [chek] Phuc Kien v\u00e0 [shu] Quan Thoai. (shu] \u53d4 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018Th\u00fac\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng N\u00f4m, v\u00e0 [suk] trong ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 H\u1eb9.)<\/p>\n

V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00fa, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018Th\u00edm\u2019 tu\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m [tsim] H\u1eb9, v\u00e0 [chim] \u5b38M\u00e2n Nam. \u2018C\u00f4\u2019 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb [ku] Chi\u1ebft Giang, hay [kou] {\u59d1} Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, trong khi \u2018D\u00ec\u2019 la\u1ecb b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb [yi] \u59e8 Quan tho\u1ea1i, H\u1eb9, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn [I]. V\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u1eadu, \u2018M\u1ee3\u2019, c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb [kau-mou] [13].
\nH\u1ec7 x\u01b0ng h\u00f4 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0i s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb trong ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 [Nei] (Ni) Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, hay [Da] M\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t \u2026 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai, d\u00f9 l\u1edbn hay nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb cao hay th\u1ea5p c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 k\u00ecnh tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u201c\u00d4ng\/B\u00e0\u201d. \u00d4ng, c\u00f3 hai ngh\u0129a: M\u1ed9t ngu\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, hay \u00f4ng n\u1ed9i\/ngo\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Champa [\u00d4ng], [\u00d9] trong ti\u1ebfng Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, hay trong ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i [Ong] \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 vua hay c\u00e1c b\u1eadc tu h\u00e0nh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, B\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi M\u1eb9, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1ecdng tu\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong [iBu] (Indonesian), [poo ying] Thai, [Ba] Mi\u1ebfn \u0110i\u1ec7n, [Bawng] Khmer, v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0ong ng\u1eef \u1edf Hoa Nam c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m [Pu] hay [Bu], hay th\u1eebong th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t, [Bo] (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 [lao bo] \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi v\u1ee3).<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u1ed5 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb chung cho c\u1ea3 nam hay n\u1eef, [B\u1ea1u] [3] sau n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh \u2018b\u1eadu b\u1ea1n\u2019 hay \u2018b\u1ea1n\u2019 ng\u00e0y nay d\u00f9ng cho b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft s\u00e0n s\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng tu\u1ed5i nhau. B\u1ea1n, th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Khmer [bouung] v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng [pang] \u670b. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f4i \u2018Anh em\u2019 (nh\u01b0 trong \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em\u2019), b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa [xiong di] (huynh \u0111\u1ec7), ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 anh hay em ru\u1ed9t [8].<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai d\u00f9ng cho ngu\u1eddi k\u00e9m h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u2018M\u00e0y', c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u2018B\u00e2y\u2019 (Bay, [3]), v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai [M] v\u00e0 [B] \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00e2m m\u00f4i. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de Rhodes [3] ghi ch\u00fa l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u2018Bay\u2019 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng so v\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u2018Anh em'. \u2018M\u00e0y\u2019 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi \u2018Mi\u2019, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a [Mi] c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9 hay ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t [Min\/M\u00ecnh] v\u1ed1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t (B\u1ea3ng I)<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u00e2m, EM [21], r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 \u00e2m v\u1edbi \u2018\u1ee6n\u2019 M\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 \u2018Imoto\u2019 Nh\u1eadt cho em g\u00e1i. \u2018Em\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u2018Enh\u2019 (M\u01b0\u1eddng) ch\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n, hay [?\u0259nh] trong ti\u1ebfng Mon-Khmer. V\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a, \u2018Em\u2019 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb \u2018em b\u00e9\u2019 hay ng\u1eeboi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0ong v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Th\u00e1i [awn]. \u2018Em\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi [eN] trong ti\u1ebfng M\u00e2n Nam (Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn), [ei] H\u00e1n-Nh\u1eadt, [er] Quan Tho\u1ea1i [5] [11] [12]. Ch\u1ecb, c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi [*tsi] hay [*ci(q)] hay [*ji(q)] trong ti\u1ebfng Mon-Khmer [6], v\u00e0 [tsi] Ng\u00f4-Tri\u1ebft Giang, [chia] hay [che] trong ti\u1ebfng M\u00e2n Nam (Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn) [5].<\/p>\n

... \u0110\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1eeb N\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi (m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh) v\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 chim, c\u00e1. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi t\u1eeb [N\u1ea3] M\u01b0\u1eddng, [Nws] Hmong {\u0111\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 [Neu]}, [Ne] Tongan, and [Nong] trong ti\u1ebfng Hoa Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eef [Nong] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4i, anh\/ch\u1ecb, anh \u1ea5y, ch\u1ecb \u1ea5y\u201d trong ti\u1ebfng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi P\u2019u-Noi s\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi L\u00e0o-Vi\u1ec7t, c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng [No] [2] nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ea3i [Nong] v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t [N\u00f3].<\/p>\n

H\u1eafn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh hay ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o. \u2018H\u1eafn\u2019 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb [Hang] \u727cQu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u2018\u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng\u2019. [Hang] r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi v\u00e0i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 [H\u00e9ng]. H\u1eafn c\u0169ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng [Heoi], v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u2018H\u1ecd\u2019, ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u00eat. Ti\u1ebfng Mu\u1eddng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, d\u00f9ng \u2018Ho\u2019 (kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u N\u1eb7ng) [16] cho T\u00f4i\/Tao. M\u00f4t ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 \u2018L\u0169\u2019, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t \u2018B\u1ecdn\/Ch\u00fang\u2019. \u2018L\u0169\u2019 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi [lei] [5] \u5a0c, ti\u1ebfng Ng\u00f4 (Tri\u1ebft Giang), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a c\u00f4 \u1ea5y\/c\u1eadu \u1ea5y, ph \u00e1t \u00e2m nh \u01b0 [lei] trong ti \u1ebfng Qu \u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng [5]. C\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb, v\u00ec \u2018L\u0169\u2019 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng \u00e2m ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u2018lui\u2019, (b\u1ea3ng [1]), trong khi \u2018Y\u2019 v\u00e0 H\u1eafn (ho\u1eb7c [heoi] ti\u1ebfng Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng) gi\u1ed1ng \u2018Il\u2019 trong ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c He\/Him trong ti\u1ebfng Anh.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebb v\u00e0 G\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng [Ke] v\u00e0 [Goat] trong ti\u1ebfng Cambodian, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng g\u1ed1c v\u1edbi [Kei], [Keoi] and [Gei] (\u5176 \u6e20) Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng. \u2018K\u1ebb\u2019 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi [Koj] Hmong (ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai) v\u00e0 [kow] Champa (ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t). K\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 K\u00e9 trong ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng [Ko ia] Rapanui (s\u1eafc d\u00e2n \u0110a \u0110\u1ea3o \u1edf v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea3o Easter Island) v\u00e0 [O KOya] Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, c\u00f9ng d\u00f9ng cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba \u2018Ya\u2019.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0\u1eddng K\u1ebb v\u00e0 G\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea5y\/\u0111\u00f3 \u0111i k\u00e8m: K\u1ebb \u1ea5y, G\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3. Ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018\u1ea5y\u2019, hay \u2018\u0111\u1ea5y\u2019, l\u00e0 [\u0111\u1ec9]: \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea5y (Vi\u1ec7t)=> \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec9 (M\u01b0\u1eddng); B\u00e0 \u1ea5y (Vi\u1ec7t)=> M\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec9 (M\u01b0\u1eddng). Xin l\u01b0u \u00fd, \u00e2m H\u1ecfi b\u00ean ti\u1ebfng M\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u00e2m d\u1ea5u S\u1eafc b\u00ean ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t: \u0111\u1ea5y=> \u0111\u1ec9, ti\u1ebfng => thi\u1ec3ng, n\u00f3=> n\u1ea3, ch\u00fang=> ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1=> \u0111\u00f4t ph\u1ea3. \u00c2m d\u1ea5u S\u1eafc ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u00e2m d\u1ea5u H\u1ecfi b\u00ean T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng: \u0111\u1ecf ch\u00f3i => \u2018\u0111eng ch\u1ecfi\u2019 (T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng), ch\u00fang => ch\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

Y v\u00e0 Va \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0 [Ya], r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong mi\u1ec1n Nam. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef trong v\u00f9ng. \u2018Y\u2019 t\u1eeb: [yi] \u4f0a, Quan tho\u1ea1i, [Y] H\u1eb9, [I] Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn, [Ee] H\u1ea3i Nam, [I] H\u00e1n- H\u00e0n, [I] Mon-Khmer. \u2018Y\u2019 trong Quan tho\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018\u1ea5y'.<\/p>\n

\u2018Va\u2019 th\u1eadt ra l\u00e0 ch\u1eef qu\u1ed1c ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e1nh v\u1ea7n sai v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n g\u1ed9p c\u1ea3 3 \u00e2m [W], [V], [Y] (ho\u1eb7c [By] {[b]}) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n v\u00e0o l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ch\u1eef [V] duy nh\u1ea5t. \u2018Bya\u2019 r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam, ph\u00e1t \u00e2m [Ya] hay [Bya] ([ba]). Ph\u00e1t \u00e2m [Ya] hay [ba] cho \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 ba t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi [za] H\u1eb9, [Dia] hay [Ia], M\u00e3 Lai, [niya], Tagalog (Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n), [Eya], Sinhalese v\u00e0 [Ia], \u0110a \u0111\u1ea3o (Polynesian).<\/p>\n

[Ta] \u4ed6 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong ti\u1ebfng Trung Hoa theo ngh\u0129a \u201cb\u00e0 \u1ea5y\/\u00f4ng \u1ea5y\u201d, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb \u2018Tha Nh\u00e2n\u2019 v\u1edbi ch\u1eef \u2018Tha\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7m l\u00e0 ch\u1eef H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m Ph\u00fac Ki\u1ebfn [tha], ho\u1eb7c Ng\u00f4 (Tri\u1ebft Giang) [Tha]. Ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng c\u00f3 \u00e2m [Te] [14] [15], xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb [Ta] \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u201cb\u00e0 \u1ea5y\/\u00f4ng \u1ea5y\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i, Kia, \u1ea4y, N\u1ea7y, N\u1ecd, N\u1edb: C\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfm [13]. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: 1 c\u00e1i b\u00e0n, 6 c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf\u2026\u2018C\u00e1i\u2019 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u1eef N\u00f4m m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb H\u00e1n-Vi\u1ec7t \u2018C\u00e1\u2018 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Quan Tho\u1ea1i [Ge] \u500b. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u1ea3 hai \u2018C\u00e1\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018C\u00e1i\u2019 c\u00f3 \u00e2m gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9: [Ka] v\u00e0 [Kai], t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi Quan Tho\u1ea1i [Ge] [5] v\u00e0 H\u00e1n-H\u00e0n [Kay] [5], l\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ebfm b\u1ed5 xung cho (n\u00e0y, ni) hay (n\u1ecd, kia, \u1ea5y).<\/p>\n

Kia, \u1ea4y, N\u1ea7y, Ni, N\u1ecd, N\u1edb\u2026 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u00f4t \u00e2m v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Hoa Nam. Kia r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi\u5176 [kia] H\u1eb9 - c\u00f9ng ch\u1eef gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 K\u1ebb v\u00e0 G\u00e3. \u1ea4y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018Y\u2019 \u4f0a, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a \u2018\u1ea5y\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018\u00f4ng \u1ea5y\/b\u00e0 \u1ea5y\u2019. (\u1ea4y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u00c1i trong T\u00e0y\/N\u00f9ng [15] [18]). \u1ea4y c\u0169ng c\u00f9ng \u00e2m v\u00e0 g\u1ed1c v\u00f3i Mon-Khmer [?a:y].<\/p>\n

N\u1ea7y, Ni, N\u1ecd, N\u1edb v.v... c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng \u00e2m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb Nam Trung Hoa mang ngh\u0129a N\u1ea7y, N\u1ecd. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 [nei] Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng & [ni] \u5462 H\u1eb9 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u00e0y; v\u00e0\u90a3 H\u1eb9 & Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng [no], [naa] {c\u00e1i kia}. Ngo\u00e0i ra \u201cN\u1ea7y (Ni)\u201d and \u201cN\u1ecd (N\u1edb)\u201d c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 [nih] v\u00e0 [nuh] ti\u1ebfng Cambodian cho c\u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e1i kia.<\/p>\n

... Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfng kh\u00e1c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi t\u1eeb trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 th\u1ed5 ng\u1eef t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u1eef Trung Hoa, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 Quan tho\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb cho ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t - kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1eeb g\u1ecdi chung chung nh\u01b0 Ni\/Nimen (you nh\u01b0 trong ti\u1ebfng Anh)- lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gia t\u1ed9c hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ea1i danh t\u1eeb nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vai v\u1ebf trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay ngo\u00e0i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0103n ho\u00e1 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 Mon-Khmer v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c bao nhi\u00eau v\u1edbi v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t \u1edf mi\u1ec1n m\u00e0 b\u00e2y-gi\u1edd-l\u00e0-Nam-Trung-Hoa. \u0110\u1ec3 \u00fd l\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a Mon-Khmer \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf Trung qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi, Mon-Khmer th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0110\u1ecbch-Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng (m\u1ed9t trong b\u1ed1n nh\u00f3m Trung Hoa g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Man-Di-Nhung-\u0110\u1ecbch), v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft ghi l\u1ea1i vua \u0110\u1ea1i V\u0169 - n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ecb thu\u1ef7 \u1edf s\u00f4ng Ho\u00e0ng H\u00e0 - ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp ra nh\u00e0 H\u1ea1, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed1c B\u00e1ch Vi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c Kh\u01b0\u01a1ng [2].<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i Danh T\u1eeb Ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t<\/strong>
\nVietsciences-Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u1ee9c Hi\u1ec7p, Tr\u1ea7n Th\u1ecb V\u0129nh T\u01b0\u1eddng<\/p>\n

(Chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb b\u00e0i ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a V. U Nguyen) <\/em><\/p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f4i (and T\u1edb): th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a T\u00f4i l\u00e0 TUI – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfng Nam b\u1ed9, theo lu\u1eadt ho\u00e1n chuy\u1ec3n \u00e2m gi\u1eefa [u][\u00f4], nh\u01b0 trong \u2018Kung-Fu\u2019C\u00f4ng Phu: Quan tho\u1ea1i Gong\/Cung (bow), Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng Ung\/\u00d4ng, t\u00f9ng\/tong = t\u00f9ng chinh\/t\u00f2ng chinh, th\u00fai\/th\u1ed1i.. Nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0i cu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 cu\u1ed1n Annamite-Portuguese-Latin c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Rhodes [3], cho r\u1eb1ng \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019, \u2018\u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb\u2019, \u2018t\u00f4i t\u1edb\u2019, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb T\u00f4i v\u00e0 T\u1edb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t \u00e2m ng\u00e0y nay trong ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng t\u1eeb [Toi] {\u5113}. Phi\u00ean \u00e2m Quan Tho\u1ea1i cho [toi] c\u00f3 2 c\u00e1ch: [tai-2] v\u00e0 [dai-4], c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019, hay \u2018\u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb\u2019, r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Quan tho\u1ea1i [tai dai]. Th\u1eadt ra \u2019T\u1edb\u2019 c\u00f3 \u00e2m r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1eeb [tsut] hay [su] trong ti\u1ebfng H\u1eb9, v\u00e0 [zeot] hay [syu] Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft l\u00e0\u8c4e hay \u5352, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 \u2018t\u00f4i \u0111\u00f2i\u2019. Tuy v\u1eady, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb [Tub] trong ti\u1ebfng Hmong c\u00f3 nghi\u00e3 \u2019T\u1edb\u2019, \u201cb\u2019 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 \u00e2m cao gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u s\u1eafc trong ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t. Trong ti\u1ebfng T\u00e0y-N\u00f9ng, \u201cKh\u1ecfi\u201d t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi \u2018T\u00f4i\u201d v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 hai ngh\u0129a: T\u00f4i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb. T\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n Alexandre de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-suu-tam"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6511","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6511"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6511\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6511"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6511"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/truongan.name\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6511"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}